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- Nutritional potential of cardoon leaves: a sustainable food ingredientPublication . Barbosa, Cássia H.; Andrade, Mariana A.; Tomé, Sidney; Vilarinho, Fernanda; Fernando, Ana Luísa; Silva, Ana SanchesIntroduction: Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon) is a plant native to the Mediterranean. The flowers are used in cheese production as a vegetable rennet, while the stems are consumed traditionally in soups and salads. The leaves are normally left in the field despite their richness in bioactive compounds and nutrients and may be utilized to help contribute to human nutrition. Aim: This study evaluates the nutritional value of cardoon leaves and their potential as a food ingredient. Methodology: Moisture (gravimetric method), ash (incineration at 525 C), total fat (acid hydrolysis with extraction, including fatty acid profile), total protein (Kjeldahl method), total fiber (enzymaticgravimetric method), and total sugars (Munson and Walker method) were assessed. Results: Results indicate that cardoon leaves present 2.4% ash (FM), suggesting an abundance of minerals. They present low total fat (0.2% FM) and saturated fat (0.05% FM) contents, and the protein content (4.2% FM) was considered sufficient, implying their use as a plant-based protein source. High fiber level (7.9% FM) is particularly valuable for digestive health, and the low sugar level (0.9% FM) enhances their nutritional value. Conclusion: Rich in fiber, proteins, and minerals but poor in fat and sugars, cardoon leaves possess nutritive value in the human diet. Their food use can reduce agro-industrial waste to promote circular economy and sustainability. The use of cardoon leaves in nutrition is proposed to take advantage of their nutrient content and contribute to sustainable food consumption.
- Nutritional and Contaminant Analysis of Foods Ingested by Vegetarian Consumers: Total Diet Study ApproachPublication . Ventura, Marta; Gueifão, Sandra; Rego, Andreia; Delgado, Inês; Coelho, InêsDietary habits have changed over the years, with the popularity of vegetarian and vegan diets increasing [1]. Total Diet Studies (TDS) are a public health tool for assessing dietary exposure to contaminants and beneficial substances in foods [2]. This study aimed to determine the profile of micronutrients and inorganic contaminants in the Portuguese population's most commonly consumed plant-based foods. The sampling plan followed the TDS methodology, and a total of five main food groups were analysed: grains and grain-based products (n=48); milk and dairy products (n=60); products for non-standard diets, food imitates and food supplements (n=72); pulses, dried fruits, oilseeds and spices (n=132); and vegetables and vegetable products (n=12). The 324 individual samples collected were analysed as 27 pooled samples. Each sample was analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for thirteen elements: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, lead, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, and zinc. The analytical results were obtained under quality assurance conditions supported by the requirements described in NP ISO/IEC 17025:2017. The results of this study indicated that some food samples from the group of pulses, dried fruits, oilseeds and spices had the highest content of manganese, zinc, molybdenum and selenium. On the other hand, products for non-standard diets and dairy products had the highest content of copper and iodine, respectively. The arsenic, cadmium, and lead levels were below the limit of quantification for the majority of samples analysed. The results demonstrated that while the consumption of 100 g of foods, like chia seeds, textured soy protein, and Brazil nuts, significantly exceeds the Dietary Reference Value for essential elements like copper, manganese, molybdenum, and selenium, others, particularly within dairy products, fall short of these nutritional benchmarks. This study revealed that the levels of inorganic contaminants (arsenic, cadmium and lead) in the analysed samples are safe for the Portuguese population.
- Method validation for acrylamide determination in cereals and cereal productsPublication . Delgado, Inês; Copeto, Sandra; Jesus, Susana; Coelho, InêsIntroduction: Acrylamide (AA) is a chemical compound that forms in carbohydrate-rich foods when they are cooked at high temperatures and low humidity, raising serious public health concerns. AA has been classified as a Group 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Aims: The present study aims to validate a method to determine AA in cereals and cereal-based products and investigate its presence in different food items. Methodology: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to detect and quantify AA. Results: The method performance was validated using international external quality control tests such as proficiency tests (FAPAS) and a certified reference material (ERM-BD272). Parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LD), limit of quantification (LQ), precision, accuracy and uncertainty were evaluated. The LD and LQ were 0.40 μg/L and 1.22 μg/L, respectively, in compliance with Regulation (EU) 2017/2158. The calibration curve showed linearity with an R2 greater than 0.995. The method showed suitable recovery rates (92%-105%) and precision (RSD ≤ 13%), satisfactory participation in proficiency tests (Z-score: 0.69 for Crispbread and -0.93 for Biscuit) and compliant results for the ERM-BD272, demonstrating that the method is fit for purpose. The method was applied to commercially available products, including Maria biscuits, wheat bread, corn flakes, and baby biscuits collected in Lisbon, Portugal. All AA results of the evaluated samples are below the values legislated by the Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2158. Conclusions: Although the AA levels found comply with the limits established by the European Union, continuous monitoring of its occurrence is necessary, considering the remaining uncertainties about the long-term effects of this contaminant and the constant evolution of science, the change in products available on the market and the change in consumption patterns.
- Antioxidant enzymes activities in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to 17α -ethinylestradiol (ee2): potential implications for human healthPublication . Copeto, Sandra; Ferreira, Inês João; Motta, Carla; Silva, Marco; Diniz, MárioIntroduction: The impact of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) on marine biota has been extensively studied, with particular focus on the effects of exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), the active ingredient in female contraceptives, which is commonly found in urban and industrial effluents and consequently discharged into the aquatic environment, raising concerns about its ecological effects. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the adverse effects of EE2 using the mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as a biological model. Methodology: Mussels with an average length of 2.9 ± 0.3 cm, were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of EE2 (0, 10, 100, and 1000 ng/L) for 28 days. Various biomarkers, including antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and total ubiquitin (UBI), were analysed to assess the effects of EE2 exposure. Results: Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) activities showed statistically significant differences, with GST differing between controls and the lowest (10 ng/L) and highest (1000 ng/L) concentrations. CAT activity varied significantly between controls and the 10 and 100 ng/L groups and between the 10 and 1000 ng/L and 100 and 1000 ng/L groups. In contrast, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels remained unchanged across treatments. UBI levels increased in mussels exposed to the highest concentration, but no significant differences were observed between controls and EE2 concentrations tested. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential ecotoxicological impacts of EE2 in marine environments, particularly its effects on oxidative stress and protein damage in M. galloprovincialis. The findings are also relevant to human health, as EE2 contamination in aquatic ecosystems can lead to bioaccumulation in seafood, increasing the risk of endocrine disruption and oxidative stress-related disorders. The results suggest an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity, while markers of oxidative damage remained unchanged. Prolonged exposure to EE2 through contaminated water or food may contribute to hormonal imbalances, reproductive dysfunction, and heightened susceptibility to chronic diseases.
- Characterization of foods consumed in vegetarian diets: results for copper, manganese, molybdenum and zincPublication . Delgado, Inês; Gueifão, Sandra; Rego, Andreia; Ventura, Marta; Coelho, InêsIntroduction: Vegetarian diets have gained popularity in the last decade. The number of vegetarians has quadrupled in the last ten years, currently representing around 9% of the population residing in Portugal. Therefore, a Total Diet Study (TDS) is a public health tool for assessing dietary exposure to essential elements in foods. Aims: This study aimed to determine the profile of copper, manganese, molybdenum and zinc in the most commonly consumed plant-based foods by the Portuguese population. Methodology: The sampling plan followed the TDS methodology, and a total of five main food groups were analysed: grains and grain-based products (n=48); milk and dairy products (n=60); products for non-standard diets, food imitates and food supplements (n=72); pulses, dried fruits, oilseeds and spices (n=132); and vegetables and vegetable products (n=12). The 324 individual samples collected were analysed as 27 pooled samples. Each sample was analysed by ICP-MS. Results: The results of this study indicated that some food samples from the group of pulses, dried fruits, oilseeds and spices had the highest content of manganese (56 ± 2 mg/kg in chia seeds), zinc (63 ± 6 mg/kg in chia seeds) and molybdenum (5.4 ± 0.3 mg/kg in red bean). The highest content of copper was in sunflower seeds (19.4 ± 0.3 mg/kg) and in textured soy protein (19.5 ± 0.9 mg/kg). The results demonstrated that while the consumption of 100 g of foods, like chia seeds, and textured soy protein, significantly exceeds the Dietary Reference Value for essential elements like copper and manganese, others, particularly within dairy products, fall short of these nutritional benchmarks. Conclusions: This research enabled updating the Portuguese Food Composition Database (FCD), underscoring the importance of regular dietary assessments and the role of FCDs and TDS in safeguarding public health by ensuring nutritional adequacy and safety in the food supply.
- From waste to value: Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of fresh and dried cardoon leaf extractsPublication . Barbosa, Cássia H.; Andrade, Mariana A.; Duarte, Maria Paula; Mateus, Ana Rita; Tomé, Sidney; Vilarinho, Fernanda; Fernando, Ana Luísa; Sanches Silva, AnaCynara cardunculus L. (cardoon) is a resilient perennial crop that is highly productive under extremely challenging conditions. Even though its flowers are used in the cheese-making process, its bioactive-rich leaves are largely discarded [1]. This study assessed the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of fresh and dried cultivated cardoon leaves (var. altilis DC) using ethanolic and methanolic extracts as well as the effects of oven-drying with forced air circulation on the bioactive profile. Dried leaf extracts showed better antioxidant activity than fresh leaf extracts, despite having a greater polyphenol profile. A total of 16 compounds were identified, and luteolin, apigenin, and chlorogenic acid were the most prevalent. The highest antioxidant activity was presented by dried leaf extracts for both the methanolic (EC50 = 0.8 mg/mL, AAC = 279.67) and ethanolic (EC50 = 2.1 mg/mL, AAC = 448.06) solvents. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to ethanolic and methanolic extracts than Gram-negative bacteria. With lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values (125–2000 μg/mL) across most of the tested bacteria, the dried leaf ethanolic extract showed greater antimicrobial activity. Although Aspergillus fumigatus was only mildly inhibited, dried leaf extracts demonstrated superior antimicrobial effectiveness compared to fresh leaf extracts. These studies demonstrate the potential benefits of using dried cardoon leaves in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries because of the bioactive components they have. These findings encourage sustainable production and consumption, which align with the goals of the United National Sustainable Development Goal 12, as well as the principles of circular economy. Cardoon leaves can be further transformed into relevant products in the current industrial world while simultaneously ensuring economic and environmental sustainability.
- Estudo Piloto de Dieta Total: o contributo dos vários grupos de alimentos para a ingestão média diária de mineraisPublication . Santiago, Susana; Nascimento, Ana Cláudia; Ventura, Marta; Santos, MarianaO ferro, o magnésio, o cálcio, o sódio, o potássio e o fósforo são micronutrientes essenciais numa alimentação saudável. O INSA realizou um estudo de dieta total (TDS) em Portugal, para avaliar a exposição da população a substâncias químicas, benéficas e prejudiciais, através da alimentação, analisando os alimentos tal como consumidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o contributo de cada grupo de alimentos para a ingestão média diária de minerais, utilizando a metodologia TDS. O processo de amostragem dos alimentos resultou em 166 amostras TDS diferentes (17 grupos de alimentos FoodEX2), para análise laboratorial, cada uma composta por 12 subamostras, representativas da dieta da população portuguesa. Os teores de cálcio, magnésio, sódio, potássio, fósforo e ferro foram determinados por ICP OES, após digestão ácida. Considerando a ingestão média diária de micronutrientes do IAN-AF 2015-2016, o grupo que mais contribui para a ingestão média diária de ferro, potássio e fósforo foi o grupo do peixe (15%, 11% e 18%). O grupo do leite e derivados foi o que mais contribuiu para a ingestão diária de cálcio (27%). O grupo das leguminosas foi o que contribuiu mais para a ingestão diária de magnésio (16%) e o da carne para a ingestão diária de sódio (24%). Os alimentos que mais contribuíram para os minerais estudados foram os alimentos de origem animal, à exceção das leguminosas. Os estudos de dieta total constituem uma ferramenta que permite avaliar a ingestão de nutrientes, contribuindo para o conhecimento das tendências de consumos de uma população.
- Utilização de subprodutos de melão em alimentos funcionais: estratégia sustentável para melhorar o perfil de aminoácidosPublication . Silva, M.A.; Costa, H.S.; Motta, C.; Oliveira, M.Beatriz P.P.; Félix, Nélson; Albuquerque, T.G.Este estudo teve com objetivo desenvolver dois produtos alimentares inovadores à base de farinhas de casca e de sementes de melão (subprodutos) e avaliar o seu teor proteico e perfil de aminoácidos.
- Upcycling melon by-products: development of a nutrient-rich and sustainable pastaPublication . Silva, M.A.; Costa, H.S.; Oliveira, M. Beatriz P.P.; Félix, Nelsón; Albuquerque, T.G.Introduction: Food waste is a growing concern worldwide, directly impacting the economy, society and the environment. One key aspect of this issue is the limited time to utilize the resources before they become waste. Therefore, optimizing food waste management becomes a crucial issue for ensuring food availability and sustainability. The valorization of fruit by-products offers an opportunity to develop new foods with added nutritional benefits while promoting a more efficient and time-conscious use of natural resources. Aim: This study aimed to develop a pasta with melon peel and seed flours (by-products) incorporation and evaluate their nutritional potential. Methodology: In 2022, melon by-products were recovered from melon production and distribution companies. The melon peels were dehydrated, and the seeds were dried in an oven. Afterwards, by-products were ground to obtain melon peel flour and melon seeds flour, which were then roasted. The nutritional composition of these flours was analytically determined. The energy value and available carbohydrates were calculated. Antioxidant activity was determined using two different methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Total phenolic content was also assessed. Results: The incorporation of melon by-products flour allowed the development of a nutrient-rich pasta (tagliatelle) containing 4 g/100 g of dietary fibre, making it a source of fibre according to Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. Moreover, these flours increased the levels of total phenolic compounds (1786 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g), thereby enhancing the product’s antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: This work highlights the potential of melon by-products, demonstrating that their integration into food formulations not only enhances relevant nutritional properties to health over time but also contributes to reduce food waste and environmental impact. Additionally, the incorporation of dietary fibre in innovative food products may contribute to better glycemic control and satiety throughout the day, aligning with the role of nutrition in dietary patterns.
- Harnessing Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Sustainable Food Waste Valorisation and Pathogen BioremediationPublication . Oliveira, Joana; Ligeiro, Carolina; Fantatto, Rafaela; Souza, Clarice; Grilo, Miguel L.; Carvalho, Carina; Trindade, Alexandre; Murta, Daniel; Assunção, RicardoFood waste is a pressing challenge for public health and environmental sustainability, with an estimated 59 million tonnes generated annually in the European Union. This substantial waste compromises the resilience of agrifood systems, intensifies food insecurity, and hampers efforts toward achieving a circular economy [2]. The insect Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) present a promising and innovative approach to addressing these issues by efficiently converting organic waste into valuable outputs, such as high-protein animal feed and fertilisers. Despite the industrial valorisation of agricultural by-products, BSFL’s potential to fully utilise food waste remains subject to some legal restrictions. This study, conducted in collaboration with Ingredient Odyssey SA – EntoGreen, investigated the suitability of food waste as a substrate for BSFL production and assessed the larvae's bioremediation potential for reducing foodborne pathogens. An industrial-scale trial was performed over 14 days, using 114 test units with food waste-based substrates and 144 control units with Gainesville Diet, a standard insect feed. Two tonnes of food waste sourced from restaurants in Santarém, Portugal, were collected and prepared by removing physical contaminants such as plastic, cutlery, and cans. The food waste was then mixed with wheat bran, and its moisture was adjusted to 70% to create an optimal substrate. Measurements, including larval weight and substrate temperature, were taken every other day, while microbiological analyses followed ISO standards to detect pathogens and enumerate microorganisms. Results showed that food waste substrate significantly enhanced larval growth and bioconversion rates while bioremediating pathogens, including Bacillus cereus, Vibrio spp., and Salmonella spp. These results highlight the potential of BSFL to transform food waste into valuable resources while mitigating microbial risks, demonstrating a scalable and sustainable solution for food waste valorisation and contributing to a circular economy.