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Characterization of foods consumed in vegetarian diets: results for copper, manganese, molybdenum and zinc
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Introduction: Vegetarian diets have gained popularity in the last decade. The number of vegetarians has quadrupled in the last ten years, currently representing around 9% of the population residing in Portugal. Therefore, a Total Diet Study (TDS) is a public health tool for assessing dietary exposure to essential elements in foods.
Aims: This study aimed to determine the profile of copper, manganese, molybdenum and zinc in the most commonly consumed plant-based foods by the Portuguese population.
Methodology: The sampling plan followed the TDS methodology, and a total of five main food groups were analysed: grains and grain-based products (n=48); milk and dairy products (n=60); products for non-standard diets, food imitates and food supplements (n=72); pulses, dried fruits, oilseeds and spices (n=132); and vegetables and vegetable products (n=12). The 324 individual samples collected were analysed as 27 pooled samples. Each sample was analysed by ICP-MS.
Results: The results of this study indicated that some food samples from the group of pulses, dried fruits, oilseeds and spices had the highest content of manganese (56 ± 2 mg/kg in chia seeds), zinc (63 ± 6 mg/kg in chia seeds) and molybdenum (5.4 ± 0.3 mg/kg in red bean). The highest content of copper was in sunflower seeds (19.4 ± 0.3 mg/kg) and in textured soy protein (19.5 ± 0.9 mg/kg). The results demonstrated that while the consumption of 100 g of foods, like chia seeds, and textured soy protein, significantly exceeds the Dietary Reference Value for essential elements like copper and manganese, others, particularly within dairy products, fall short of these nutritional benchmarks.
Conclusions: This research enabled updating the Portuguese Food Composition Database (FCD), underscoring the importance of regular dietary assessments and the role of FCDs and TDS in safeguarding public health by ensuring nutritional adequacy and safety in the food supply.
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Vegetarian Diet Copper Manganese Molybdenium Zinc Composição dos Alimentos