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- Actividades de controlo analítico no âmbito da vigilância microbiológica e segurança alimentarPublication . Belo Correia, CristinaSumário: 1- Apresentação do INSA, I.P. e das actividades do Laboratório de Microbiologia do Departamento de Alimentação e Nutrição. 2- Protocolos de vigilância microbiológica em unidades de alimentação colectiva. 3- Acreditação de ensaios. 4 – Controlo interno e externo da qualidade. 5 – Aplicação da Norma ISO 7218. 6 – Amostras de alimentos prontos para consumo e superfícies do ambiente de produção: colheita, ensaios microbiológicos e interpretação de resultados. 6 - Critérios microbiológicos: 6.1. Tipos de critérios 6.2. Ensaios a realizar (indicadores de alteração e de higiene e patogénicos) 6.3. Planos de amostragem 6.4. Limites a aplicar. 6.5. Métodos de análise. 6.6. Formas de expressão de resultados. 6.7. Onde aplicar os critérios. 6.8. Medidas a tomar. 7 - Ensaios para verificar a conformidade com o Regulamento (CE) Nº 2073/2005 e subsequentes alterações. 8 - Doenças de origem alimentar e toxinfecções alimentares (conceitos). 9 - Investigação de surtos (epidemiológica, laboratorial, ambiental). 10 - Inquérito INSA para estudo laboratorial de toxinfecções alimentares. 11. Comunicação dos dados que chegam ao conhecimento do INSA à European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) e dados laboratoriais de 2015. 12 - Investigação de surto de botulismo. 13 - Inquérito INSA para suspeita de botulismo.
- First report on MRSA CC398 recovered from wild boars in the north of PortugalPublication . Sousa, M.; Silva, N.; Manageiro, V.; Ramos, S.; Coelho, A.; Gonçalves, D.; Caniça, M.; Torres, C.; Igrejas, G.; Poeta, P.More than 47% of the Portuguese hospital S. aureus isolates are methicillin-resistant (MRSA): one of the highest rates in Europe [1]. Anyhow, MRSA are becoming increasingly prevalent in community-acquired infections and, in recent years, new genetic lineages of MRSA were associated to livestock animals (LA-MRSA) [2, 3]. Nevertheless, less information do exists about the prevalence of MRSA in wild animals but, since 2013, these animals are pointed as natural hosts of MRSA strains [4]. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus recovered from wild boars, to analyze their genetic lineages, and to investigate the susceptibility to oxacillin. Samples from mouth and nose of 45 wild boars (Sus scrofa) were collected during hunt activity from November 2012 to January 2013 in the North of Portugal. S. aureus isolates were recovered from 30 of these samples (33%); one isolate/sample was further studied. The susceptibility of the isolates was tested by disk-diffusion test against 14 antimicrobial agents and minimal inhibitory concentration was used to test oxacillin according to EUCAST 2014 guidelines. The genetic lineages of S. aureus were characterized by agr-typing, spa-typing and MLST. From the 30 isolates, 18 S. aureus were susceptible to all antibiotics tested and 7 presented resistance to one or more of the following antibiotics: penicillin (n=3), oxacillin (n=4), cefoxitin (n=1), clindamycin (n=2), gentamicin (n=1), fusidic acid (n=1), ciprofloxacin (n=2), tetracycline (n=1) and linezolid (n=1). One MRSA CC398 (spa-type t899) isolate was detected (oxacillin MIC=32mg/L and mecApositive), which presented resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin and contained the genes of immune evasion cluster (IEC) system (type B). The 29 methicillin-susceptible isolates were typed as ST1 (t1533), ST133 (t3583), ST1643 (t10712), ST2328 (t3750) and the new STs (3220, 3222, 3223, 3224) associated to new spa-types t14311 and t14312. The agr types I, II, III and IV were identified. It is a matter of concern when MRSA and some specific lineages of S. aureus are taken as commensal habitants of the skin and nose of wild animals and are characterized with resistance to various antimicrobial agents in clinical use.
- Freshwater cyanobacteria and antibiotic pollution: The Ecotoxicological and Antibiotic Resistance perspectivesPublication . Dias, Elsa; Vasconcelos, Vitor; Caniça, ManuelaThe release of antibiotics in natural ecosystems led to the development of antibiotic resistant (AR) microorganisms and alters the diversity/functioning of natural microbial communities. Freshwater cyanobacteria (CB) have been considered sensitive to antibiotics and they have been used as biologic indicators in environmental risk assessment of water contaminants, such as antibiotics. However, we have shown that CB strains from water environments exhibits reduced susceptibility to some antibiotics (nalidixic acid, trimethoprim), irrespective of the tested specie (Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon gracile; Anabaena berghii, Planktothrix agardhii, Planktothrix mougeotti). The failure to detect genes conferring resistance to these antibiotics by PCR does not exclude the possibility of CB harbor AR determinants. NGS sequencing will help us to understand if unknown AR genes are present in CB genomes. Besides, we may also hypothesize that CB are intrinsically resistant to those compounds. On the other hand, the susceptibility to other antibiotics depended of the specie and/or the specie origin (freshwater reservoirs, wastewater treatment plants). Moreover, we also detect genes associated with resistance to other antibiotics (streptomycin, sulfonamides) and a class-1-type integron, in some strains. This suggests that CB might acquire resistant determinants from AR microbiota sharing the same habitats. Thus, the impact of antibiotic pollution in natural occurring CB is far from being elucidated. CB seems to have a role on water resistome but CB communities and their important ecological roles (primary and O2 production, CO2 fixation) may be also hampered by antibiotic exposure.