Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2016-11-11"
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- Guia de Boas práticas de Segurança alimentarPublication . Viegas, Silvia± 30% de doenças que aumentaram nos últimos anos tiveram origem alimentar. A investigação de toxinfeções alimentares podem dar informação importante para ser usada na sua prevenção: os microrganismos causadores, os alimentos contaminados ingeridos, os fatores contributivos da ocorrência da doença e as más práticas de higiene e segurança alimentar.
- Prevalence of Hypertension in Portugal: Results from the First National Health Examination Survey (2015)Publication . Barreto, Marta; Gaio, Vânia; Antunes, Liliana; Rodrigues, Ana Paula; Kislaya, Irina; Santos, Ana Paula; Gil, Ana Paula; Namorado, Sónia; Lyshol, Heidi; Nunes, Nunes; Dias, Carlos MatiasBackground: Cardiovascular disorders are the main cause of mortality worldwide and arterial hypertension is recognized as a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Methods: In Portugal, a National Health Examination Survey was conducted in 2015, where blood pressure was measured to 4911 randomly selected individuals aged 25 to 74 years old, following the European Health Examination Survey procedures. Hypertensive individuals were defined as those having Systolic Blood Pressure ≥140mmHg or Diastolic Blood Pressure ≥90 mmHg or those who reported taking prescribed anti-hypertensive medication during the two weeks preceding the interview. Prevalence of hypertension was estimated for the whole population and stratified by sex, age, education level and employment status. For comparison proposes, age and sex-standardized prevalence rates were also computed. Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 36.0% [95%CI:34.3-37.7] and was higher among men (39.6%, [36.5-42.8]) than women (32.7%, [30.1-35.5]). Hypertension increased with age from 5.7% [3.1%-10.4%] among individuals aged 25-34 to 71.3% [65.7-76.4] in the 65-74 age group. Higher age and sex-standardized prevalence was found among individuals with lower education (45.1%, [38.7-51.7]) and without professional activity (41.3%, [36.8-45.9]). Regarding the total population, 25% [23.3-26.7] reported taking anti-hypertensive medication. Of these 28.7% [25.3-32.4] had uncontrolled hypertension. Lack of hypertension control was significantly associated with absence of family physician (27.5% vs 41.7%). Conclusions: This large national epidemiological survey showed that hypertension prevalence was 36.0% (slightly lower than the prevalence found in the PHYSA study, performed in 2011-2012) and was higher among men and low socioeconomic groups. Among those aware of their condition, about a third still fails to have controlled hypertension, a fact possibly associated with lack of family physician.
- Prevalence of Elevated Cholesterol in Portugal: National Health Examination Survey (2015) resultsPublication . Rodrigues, Ana Paula; Kislaya, Irina; Antunes, Liliana; Gaio, Vânia; Barreto, Marta; Santos, Ana João; Gil, Ana Paula; Namorado, Sónia; Lyshol, Heidi; Nunes, Baltazar; Dias, Carlos MatiasBackground: High cholesterol level is a major and modifiable cardiovascular (CV) risk factor. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of elevated cholesterol in the Portuguese population based in the direct measurement of total serum cholesterol. Methods: The First National Health Examination Survey (INSEF) is a cross-sectional epidemiological study representative of the Portuguese population using a random sample (N = 4,911) aged between 25 and 74 years. Data collection included physical examination, blood collection and personal interview. Serum from participants’ blood samples was used for total cholesterol measuring, using the enzymatic method in accordance with international quality standards. Elevated cholesterol (EC) was defined as having a total serum cholesterol concentration ≥ 190 mg/dL or reporting taking lipid-lowering medication. EC estimated prevalence was stratified by sex, age, educational level and employment status. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were estimated using Poisson regression. Results: The overall prevalence of EC was 63.3 % [95 %CI:61.2-65.4]. Significant differences in EC prevalence between age groups were found: prevalence was twice higher among groups aged 55-64 (80.1 % aPR =2 [1.8-2.3]) and 65-74 (79.2 % aPR= 2 [1.7-2.3]) when compared to 25-34 (38.4 %). No significant differences were observed according sex, level of education, and employment status. 43.3 % [38.9-47.8] of the individuals taking lipid-lowering medication showed EC. Conclusions: INSEF results showed that 63.3 % of the Portuguese population aged between 25-74 years had total cholesterol above the desirable level. Among those under treatment, almost half was also EC. Although total cholesterol level should be evaluated considering other CV risk factors, lowering total cholesterol levels may contribute for reducing the burden of CV diseases in Portugal. Main messages: In Portugal 2/3 of adult population (25-74 years) has total cholesterol above desirable levels. Lowering total cholesterol levels may contribute for reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases.
- Socioeconomic inequalities in obesity prevalence: Portuguese Health Examination Survey resultsPublication . Gaio, Vânia; Antunes, Liliana; Kislaya, Irina; Santos, Ana João; Gil, Ana Paula; Rodrigues, Ana Paula; Namorado, Sónia; Barreto, Marta; Lyshol, Heidi; Nunes, Baltazar; Dias, Carlos MatiasBackground: Obesity is recognized as a serious public health issue, both as a disease in itself and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The First Portuguese National Health Examination Survey (INSEF 2015) aimed at obtain in-depth knowledge about health status and determinants and contribute to the reduction of health inequalities. The goal of this analysis was to estimate the prevalence and to assess socioeconomic inequalities in obesity, through direct measurement of weight and height. Methods: INSEF is a nationally representative cross-sectional prevalence study conducted on 4911 adults aged 25-74 years old, in 2015. It included physical examination, blood collection and personal interview. INSEF participants’ height and weight were measured according to European Health Examination Survey procedures. Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. Poisson regression was applied to estimate prevalence ratios (aPR) of obesity according to sex, age group, education and employment status, adjusted for confounding. Results: Overall national prevalence of obesity was 28.7%, [95% CI 26.8; 30.6]. The prevalence of obesity was higher among females (32.1%, aPR =1.3, [1.2, 1.4]) than males (24.9%). Prevalence was higher in 65-74 years old age group (41.8% vs. 12.5%, aPR=2.4, [1.5, 3.6]). , compared to the 25-34 years old group. Individuals with no education or first grade basic education had double the prevalence of obesity than those with higher education (14.7% vs43.1%, aPR=2.1, [1.6, 2.8]). Conclusions: Obesity affects 287 per 1000 adults aged 25-74 years old in Portugal. INSEF provides evidence that a higher prevalence of obesity is found in older individuals, with lower education levels. Public health interventions that focus on specific population subgroups are required for obesity prevention, namely, throughout health literacy strategies.
- Impacto da nova rotulagem alimentar: Regulamento (EU) N.º 1169/2011Publication . Brazão, RobertoA publicação do Regulamento (EU) N.º 1169/2011, relativo à prestação de informação aos consumidores sobre os géneros alimentícios, representa a primeira revisão importante das regras europeias em matéria de rotulagem dos géneros alimentícios, em 30 anos. Introduz alterações consideráveis à legislação existente e tem um impacto significativo na forma como as empresas do sector alimentar comunicam com os consumidores. Uniformiza a legislação Europeia, facilitando a livre circulação de produtos.
- Infeções do Trato Urinário na Rede Médicos Sentinela – dados preliminares de 2016Publication . Fonseca, João; Morais, Mafalda; Rodrigues, Ana PaulaINTRODUÇÃO:As infeções do trato urinário (ITU) são processos inflamatórios de causa infeciosa, que podem atingir as vias urinárias superiores e/ou inferiores. As ITU, depois das infeções respiratórias, são as mais frequentes na comunidade, apresentando maior incidência no sexo feminino. As bactérias são os principais agentes responsáveis, dos quais a Escherichia coli é responsável por 75 a 90% dos casos. Quando a decisão de prescrição do antibiótico se fundamenta no conhecimento dos principais agentes microbianos envolvidos e se conhece o seu perfil de sensibilidade a antibioterapia empírica associa-se a taxas de erradicação iguais ou superiores a 90%. Tal permite também realizar guidelines ajustadas à realidade atual. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o perfil de orientação e prescrição dos casos de ITU notificados pelos médicos da Rede Médicos Sentinela. METODOLOGIA: Estudo descritivo realizado na população sob observação da Rede Médicos Sentinela durante o ano de 2016 (entre 1 de janeiro e 20 de setembro). Foi pedido aos médicos desta Rede que notificassem todos os casos de ITU diagnosticados na sua lista de utentes em 2016. Para cada caso um conjunto de variáveis demográficas, clínicas e microbiológicas foi colhido através de um questionários estruturado enviado em papel ou através de uma plataforma online. Foi calculada a proporção de casos por sexo, grupo etário, tipo de infecção, antibiótico prescrito e microrganismo identificado. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 360 ITU. 87 % dos casos era do sexo feminino. A idade mediana foi de 62 anos, sendo que 27,8 % dos casos ocorreu no grupo etário com 75 ou mais anos. A maioria das ITU (83,6%) foram classificadas como cistites, 13,6% bacteriúrias, 2,5% pielonefrites ligeiras e 0,3% (1 caso) como pielonefrite complicada. 8 casos bacteriúria ou cistite ocorreram em grávidas. Foi efectuada urocultura em 46% (167 casos), sendo que 99 % destas foram positivas. Os microrganismos mais frequentes foram E. Coli (81%) e Proteus (5%). Foram prescritos antibióticos a 98,6%, sendo a fosfomicina (47,6%), a amoxicilina e ácido clavulânico (15,8%) e a nitrofurantoína (10,7%) os mais prescritos. O tempo médio de tratamento foi de 2 dias (fosfomicina) e de 8 dias (amoxicilina e nitrofurantoína). DISCUSSÃO: Embora os resultados obtidos sejam ainda preliminares, apontam que em Portugal, nas ITU da comunidade, a maioria dos casos são diagnosticadas como cistite, o microrganismo mais frequentemente identificado é E. Coli e o antibiótico mais prescrito é a fosfomicina.
- Inequalities in oral health: results from the First Portuguese National Health Examination SurveyPublication . Antunes, Liliana; Kislaya, Irina; Santos, Joana; Rodrigues, Ana Paula; Santos, Ana João; Gil, Ana Paula; Braz, Paula; Gaio, Vânia; Barreto, Marta; Namorado, Sónia; Lyshol, Heidi; Nunes, Baltazar; Dias, Carlos MatiasOral health is a state of being free from a range of diseases and disorders that affect oral cavity. Dental cavities and gum diseases are among the most prevalent diseases worldwide. However, they can be prevented as risk factors include poor diets and hygiene. Also, social determinants play a key role as it is well established that poor health is higher among the most disadvantaged. Thus this study aimed to describe oral preventive care of the Portuguese population and assess socioeconomic inequalities.