Browsing by Author "Ferreira, R."
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- A Bioinformática na Identificação dos Processos Moleculares de Interacção entre o Agente Patogénico e o HomemPublication . Borges, V.; Nunes, A.; Ferreira, R.; Borrego, M.J.; Gomes, João PauloQualquer processo infeccioso caracteriza-se por um “braço de ferro” contínuo entre o agente patogénico e o Homem. Se por um lado, o Homem tenta debelar a infecção através da complexa rede celular que caracteriza a resposta imunitária, por outro, o agente patogénico tenta escapar a essa resposta através da acumulação de mutações no seu genoma. De um modo geral, as mutações num gene podem ser sinónimas (quando não originam uma alteração de aminoácido) ou não-sinónimas (quando a proteína correspondente é alterada), sendo estas últimas, quando vantajosas, as principais responsáveis pela adaptação do agente infeccioso ao hospedeiro. A fixação de alterações não-sinónimas vantajosas resulta de um processo evolutivo denominado de “selecção positiva”. A bioinformática surge nos últimos anos como uma ferramenta acessível e indispensável para a análise dos dados genómicos que diariamente são gerados de forma exponencial. Neste âmbito, a bioinformática tem sido essencial, por exemplo, para a identificação dos processos moleculares de interacção entre o agente patogénico e o Homem, que decorrem durante o processo infeccioso. Na presente comunicação, a utilidade desta valência computacional é ilustrada tomando como modelo o processo infeccioso despoletado pela bactéria Chlamydia trachomatis. De facto, esta bactéria intracelular é caracterizada por um perfil bem definido de infecções no Homem, cujos diversos genótipos afectam distintamente o tecido ocular, os órgãos genitais e os nódulos linfáticos inguinais (via macrófagos), orgãos estes que exercem uma pressão selectiva distinta (resposta imunitária, pH, flora comensal, etc) sobre a bactéria. Através da utilização de várias plataformas de bioinformática para a análise específica das mutações que distinguem os vários genótipos de Chlamydia trachomatis, é possível identificar genes, que por força de uma selecção positiva, estão hipoteticamente envolvidos na adaptação/invasão aos vários tipos de células humanas infectadas, nomeadamente, células epiteliais das mucosas ocular e genital, e macrófagos. Noutras vertentes, este tipo de análise de detecção de selecção positiva teve já aplicações no desenvolvimento de uma vacina para o VIH bem como no esclarecimento da evolução da virulência do vírus Influenza, e pode ser aplicado a todo o sistema biológico.
- Characterization of mitochondrial proteome in a severe case of ETF-QO deficiencyPublication . Rocha, H.; Ferreira, R.; Carvalho, J.; Vitorino, R.; Santa, C.; Lopes, L.; Gregersen, N.; Vilarinho, L.; Amado, F.Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) is a mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorder caused by mutations that affect electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or ETF:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-QO) or even due to unidentified disturbances of riboflavin metabolism. Besides all the available data on the molecular basis of FAO disorders, including MADD, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying clinical phenotype development, namely at the mitochondrial level, are poorly understood. In order to contribute to the elucidation of these mechanisms, we isolated mitochondria from cultured fibroblasts, from a patient with a severe MADD presentation due to ETF-QO deficiency, characterize its mitochondrial proteome and compare it with normal controls. The used approach (2-DE-MS/MS) allowed the positive identification of 287 proteins in both patient and controls, presenting 35 of the significant differences in their relative abundance. Among the differentially expressed are proteins associated to binding/folding functions, mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes as well as proteins associated to apoptotic events. The overexpression of chaperones like Hsp60 or mitochondrial Grp75, antioxidant enzymes and apoptotic proteins reflects the mitochondrial response to a complete absence of ETF-QO. Our study provides a global perspective of the mitochondrial proteome plasticity in a severe case of MADD and highlights the main molecular pathways involved in its pathogenesis.
- Fungal Meningitis in an Immunocompetent PatientPublication . Louro, R.; Ferreira, R.; Pinheiro, C.; Parada, H.; Faria, D.; Monteiro, E.Cryptococcal meningitis is a rare entity among immunocompetent hosts but, when it occurs, it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical presen- tation as well as the course of the disease is usually subtle and indolent with headache and altered mental status. The authors present the case of a 59-year-old man, who sought medical help with a 2-week history of headaches accompanied by nausea and visual and hearing disturbances. On admission the patient was afebrile, presented visual and hearing deficits and had a normal magnetic resonance image of the brain. A lumbar puncture was performed and microscopic examination of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed yeasts that were identified as Cryptococcus spp. and later, by means of molecular biology techniques, as Cryptococcus neoformans, var. grubii. The patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin B plus fluconazole for 28 weeks. At follow-up after 1 year the patient was asymptomatic and received fluconazole 400 mg/day as prophylactic therapy. The outcome of Cryptococcus infections in immunocompetent hosts is reported to be poor as a result of a delayed diagnosis and suboptimal initial antifungal therapy. The influence of the normal immune response is unclear.
- In silico scrutiny of genes revealing phylogenetic congruence with clinical prevalence or tropism properties of Chlamydia trachomatis strainsPublication . Ferreira, R.; Antelo, M.; Nunes, A.; Borges, V.; Damião, V.; Borrego, M.J.; Gomes, João PauloMicrobes possess a multiplicity of virulence factors that confer them the ability to specifically infect distinct biological niches. Contrary to what is known for other bacteria, for the obligate intracellular human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, the knowledge of the molecular basis underlying serovars’ tissue specificity is scarce. We examined all ~900 genes to evaluate the association between individual phylogenies and cell-appetence or ecological success of C. trachomatis strains. Only ~1% of the genes presented a tree topology showing the segregation of all three disease groups (ocular, urogenital, and lymphatic) into three wellsupported clades. Approximately 28% of the genes, which include the majority of the genes encoding putative type III secretion system effectors and Inc proteins, present a phylogenetic tree where only lymphogranuloma venereum strains form a clade. Similarly, an exclusive phylogenetic segregation of the most prevalent genital serovars was observed for 61 proteins. Curiously, these serovars are phylogenetically cosegregated with the lymphogranuloma venereum serovars for ~20% of the genes. Some clade-specific pseudogenes were identified (novel findings include the conserved hypothetical protein CT037 and the predicted a-hemolysin CT473), suggesting their putative expendability for the infection of particular niches. Approximately 3.5% of the genes revealed a significant overrepresentation of nonsynonymous mutations, and the majority encode proteins that directly interact with the host. Overall, this in silico scrutiny of genes whose phylogeny is congruent with clinical prevalence or tissue specificity of C. trachomatis strains may constitute an important database of putative targets for future functional studies to evaluate their biological role in chlamydial infections.
- In Silico Scrutiny of Genes Revealing Phylogenetic Congruence with Clinical Prevalence or Tropism Properties of Chlamydia trachomatis StrainsPublication . Ferreira, R.; Antelo, M.; Nunes, A.; Borges, V.; Damião, V.; Borrego, M.J.; Gomes, João PauloMicrobes possess a multiplicity of virulence factors that confer them the ability to specifically infect distinct biological niches. Contrary to what is known for other bacteria, for the obligate intracellular human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, the knowledge of the molecular basis underlying serovars' tissue specificity is scarce. We examined all ~900 genes to evaluate the association between individual phylogenies and cell-appetence or ecological success of C. trachomatis strains. Only ~1% of the genes presented a tree topology showing the segregation of all three disease groups (ocular, urogenital, and lymphatic) into three well-supported clades. Approximately 28% of the genes, which include the majority of the genes encoding putative type III secretion system effectors and Inc proteins, present a phylogenetic tree where only lymphogranuloma venereum strains form a clade. Similarly, an exclusive phylogenetic segregation of the most prevalent genital serovars was observed for 61 proteins. Curiously, these serovars are phylogenetically cosegregated with the lymphogranuloma venereum serovars for ~20% of the genes. Some clade-specific pseudogenes were identified (novel findings include the conserved hypothetical protein CT037 and the predicted α-hemolysin CT473), suggesting their putative expendability for the infection of particular niches. Approximately 3.5% of the genes revealed a significant overrepresentation of nonsynonymous mutations, and the majority encode proteins that directly interact with the host. Overall, this in silico scrutiny of genes whose phylogeny is congruent with clinical prevalence or tissue specificity of C. trachomatis strains may constitute an important database of putative targets for future functional studies to evaluate their biological role in chlamydial infections.
- MiR-134 serum expression in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy patientsPublication . Leal, B.; Rodrigues, D.; Carvalho, C.; Ferreira, R.; Chaves, J.M.M.; Bettencourt, A.; Freitas, J.; Lopes, J. M.C.F.; Ramalheira, J.E.D.P.; Martins da Silva, A.; Costa, P.P.; Martins da Silva, B.Background and aims: Several experimental and clinical studies have suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) could be potential epilepsy biomarkers. Nowadays, research has been focused in miR-134, a brain-specific miRNA that plays important roles in dendritic spine development and neuronal structure regulation. An upregulation of miR-134 has been reported both in brain tissue of experimental models (Jimenez-Mateos 2012) and plasma from epileptic patients (Sun 2017). It has also been observed that some anti-seizure drugs down regulate mir-134 plasmatic levels (Sun 2017) highlighting the role of this miRNA in epileptogenesis. Our aim was to quantify miR-134 serum levels in a cohort of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTLE) patients and correlate with clinical characteristics such as drug response.
- Mitochondria proteome profiling: a comparative analysis between gel- and gel-free approachesPublication . Ferreira, R.; Rocha, H.; Almeida, V.; Padrão, A.L.; Santa, C.; Vilarinho, L.; Amado, F.; Vitorino, R.Mitochondrial proteomics emerged aiming to disclose the dynamics of mitochondria under various pathophysiological conditions. In the present study we investigated the relative merits of gel-based (2DE and SDS-LC) and gel-free (2D-LC) protein separation approaches and protein identification algorithms (Mascot and Paragon) in the proteome profiling of mitochondria isolated from cultured fibroblasts, a sample traditionally used for diagnosis purposes. Combining data retrieved from 2DE, 2D-LC and SDS-LC and search methods, a total of 696 non-redundant proteins were identified. An overlap of only 19% between the proteins identified by the three different methods was observed when Mascot and Paragon were used. Regarding protein ID, a consistency in the number of identified proteins per sample was noticed for 2DE approach. Independent of the methodological approach chosen, it was noticed that the predominance in mitochondria of hydrophilic proteins with 20-50 kDa and pI 5-6 and 8-9; however, 2D-LC and SDS-LC allowed the enrichment of proteins with a mass below 30 kDa and of basic proteins with pI values above 8. In conclusion, data from the present study highlight the power of integrating different separation technologies and protein identification algorithms.
- Molecular features underlying the higher ecological success of C. trachomatis E and F genotypesPublication . Nunes, A.; Ferreira, R.; Borges, V.; Borrego, M.J.; Gomes, João PauloIn the light of the >98% genomic similarity among Chlamydia trachomatis serovars, the higher worldwide ecological success of E and F is enigmatic. We intend to provide a quick overview of the molecular data that distinguish these from the remaining strains. Examples are: - E and F possess a similar chromosomal genetic make-up distinct from the remaining genotypes. Some loci linked to this independent co-segregation comprehend membrane proteins, hypothetical virulence factors, and regulatory regions (published data). - Some loci reveal nonrandom mutational patterns, where mutations exclusive of E and F are clustered in specific protein domains, likely promoting strains functional and/or structural attributes (published data). - Based on data from a worldwide survey, MOMP of E and F exhibit the lowest mutation rate (22.3-fold lower), implying more fitted antigenic profiles to deal with host immunity (published data). - The likelihood of E and F strains to undergo genetic recombination is about 12-fold lower than that of the other genotypes (P<10-2), suggesting a putative clonal evolution, where superimposed favorable clones may be strongly maintained in vivo (preliminary data from our lab). - Strains E and F do not seem to originate higher infectious load in vivo, when compared with other genital genotypes (published data). Full-genomic data from multiple and diverse clinical isolates will be essential to decipher the secret behind the higher ecological success of E and F strains.
- Normalization strategies for real-time expression data in Chlamydia trachomatisPublication . Borges, V.; Ferreira, R.; Noguerira, P.; Nunes, A.; Borrego, M.J.; Gomes, João PauloSince Chlamydia trachomatis is a genetically non-tractable pathogen, transcriptomics assumes a fundamental role for the better understanding of its biology. However, the suitability of endogenous controls for normalization of transcriptomic data in this bacterium still needs validation. We aimed to assess the stability of 10 genes for their potential use as endogenous controls in qPCR at both normal and stress (antibiotic treatment) growth conditions throughout the developmental cycle of three strains with different cell-appetence. Normalization was performed using the quantified bacterial genomes. We also tested the applicability of two widely used softwares (geNorm and Normfinder) to our data. For all strains, we found that 16SrRNA was the most stably expressed gene throughout the normal developmental cycle, but it was highly unstable under antibiotic exposure, suggesting prudence when using ribosomal genes as endogenous controls in expression experiments involving stress environments. The geNorm and Normfinder algorithms revealed contrasting results and seem inappropriate for the selected pool of genes. Considering the multiplicity of experimental conditions, there should be an in loco validation of endogenous controls, where 16SrRNA appears to be in the front line. Alternatively, normalization of expression data against genomic DNA, which is less influenced by experimental constraints (especially relevant for intracellular organisms) and stress conditions, likely constitutes a good option. The present study constitutes the first evaluation of putative endogenous controls for real-time expression assays in C. trachomatis
- Normalization strategies for real-time expression data in Chlamydia trachomatisPublication . Borges, V.; Ferreira, R.; Nunes, A.; Nogueira, P.; Borrego, M.J.; Gomes, João PauloChlamydia trachomatis is a widespread obligate intracellular pathogen genetically non-tractable for which transcriptomics is a fundamental tool to better understand its biology. However, the suitability of endogenous controls for normalization of transcriptomic data in this bacterium still needs validation. We aimed to assess the stability of 10 genes for their potential use as endogenous controls in real-time quantitative PCR assays at both normal and stress (D-cycloserine treatment) growth conditions throughout the developmental cycle of three C. trachomatis strains with different tissue tropism. Normalization was performed by real-time absolute quantification of the bacterial genomes. We also tested the applicability of two widely used softwares (geNorm and Normfinder) to our data. For all strains, we found that 16SrRNA was the most stably expressed gene throughout the chlamydial normal developmental cycle, which indicates its potential use as endogenous control in relative expression assays. However, it was highly unstable under D-cycloserine treatment (where oppA_2 was top-ranked), suggesting prudence when using ribosomal genes in expression experiments involving stress conditions. The geNorm and Normfinder algorithms revealed contrasting results and seem inappropriate for the selected pool of genes. Considering the multiplicity of experimental conditions, there should be an in loco validation of endogenous controls, where 16SrRNA appears to be in the front line. Alternatively, normalization of expression data against genomic DNA, which is less influenced by experimental constraints that are especially relevant for intracellular organisms, likely constitutes a good option. Moreover, the number of genomes also seems to be less subject to variation than expression of endogenous controls when working under stress conditions. The present study constitutes the first evaluation of putative endogenous controls for real-time expression assays in C. trachomatis.