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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O vírus da gripe é uma das maiores causas de morbilidade
e mortalidade em todo o mundo, afetando
um elevado número de indivíduos em cada ano.
Em Portugal a vigilância epidemiológica da gripe é
assegurada pelo Programa Nacional de Vigilância
da Gripe (PNVG), através da integração da informação
das componentes clínica e virológica, gerando
informação detalhada relativamente à atividade gripal.
A componente clínica é suportada pela Rede
Médicos-Sentinela e tem um papel especialmente
relevante por possibilitar o cálculo de taxas de incidência
permitindo descrever a intensidade e evolução
da epidemia de gripe. A componente virológica
tem por base o diagnóstico laboratorial do vírus da
gripe e tem como objetivos a deteção e caraterização
dos vírus da gripe em circulação. Para o estudo
mais completo da etiologia da síndrome gripal
foi efectuado o diagnóstico diferencial de outros
vírus respiratórios: vírus sincicial respiratório tipo A
(RSV A) e B (RSV B), o rhinovírus humano (hRV), o
vírus parainfluenza humano tipo 1 (PIV1), 2 (PIV2) e
3 (PIV3), o coronavírus humano (hCoV), o adenovírus
(AdV) e o metapneumovirus humano (hMPV).
Desde 2009 a vigilância da gripe conta também
com a Rede Portuguesa de Laboratórios para o
Diagnóstico da Gripe que atualmente é constituída
por 15 hospitais onde se realiza o diagnóstico laboratorial
da gripe. A informação obtida nesta Rede
Laboratorial adiciona ao PNVG dados relativos a
casos de doença respiratória mais severa com necessidade
de internamento. Em 2011/2012, foi lançado
um estudo piloto para vigiar os casos graves
de gripe admitidos em Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos
(UCI) que deu origem à atual Rede de vigilância
da gripe em UCI constituída em 2015/2016
por 31 UCI (324 camas). Esta componente tem
como objetivo a monitorização de novos casos de
gripe confirmados laboratorialmente e admitidos
em UCI, permitindo a avaliação da gravidade da
doença associada à infeção pelo vírus da gripe.
O Sistema da Vigilância Diária da Mortalidade
constitui uma componente do PNVG que permite
monitorizar a mortalidade semanal por “todas as
causas” durante a época de gripe. É um sistema
de vigilância epidemiológica que pretende detetar
e estimar de forma rápida os impactos de eventos
ambientais ou epidémicos relacionados com excessos
de mortalidade.
A notificação de casos de Síndrome Gripal (SG)
e a colheita de amostras biológicas foi realizada
em diferentes redes participantes do PNVG:
Rede de Médicos-Sentinela, Rede de Serviços de
Urgência/Obstetrícia, médicos do Projeto EuroEVA,
Rede Portuguesa de Laboratórios para o Diagnóstico
da Gripe e Rede vigilância da gripe em UCI.
Na época de vigilância da gripe de 2015/2016
foram notificados 1.273 casos de SG, 87% dos
quais acompanhados de um exsudado da nasofaringe
para diagnóstico laboratorial.
No inverno de 2015/2016 observou-se uma atividade
gripal de baixa intensidade. O período epidémico
ocorreu entre a semana 53/2015 e a semana
8/2016 e o valor mais elevado da taxa de incidência
semanal de SG (72,0/100000) foi observado na semana
53/2015. De acordo com os casos notificados à
Rede Médicos-Sentinela, o grupo etário dos 15 aos 64 anos foi o que apresentou uma incidência cumulativa
mais elevada.
O vírus da gripe foi detetado em 41,0% dos exsudados
da nasofaringe recebidos tendo sido detetados
outros vírus respiratórios em 24% destes. O
vírus da gripe A(H1)pdm09 foi o predominantemente
detetado em 90,4% dos casos de gripe. Foram
também detetados outros vírus da gripe, o vírus B
- linhagem Victoria (8%), o vírus A(H3) (1,3%) e o
vírus B- linhagem Yamagata (0,5%).
A análise antigénica dos vírus da gripe A(H1)pdm09
mostrou a sua semelhança com a estirpe vacinal
2015/2016 (A/California/7/2009), a maioria dos
vírus pertencem ao novo grupo genético 6B.1, que
foi o predominantemente detetado em circulação
na Europa. Os vírus do tipo B apesar de detetados
em número bastante mais reduzido comparativamente
com o subtipo A(H1)pdm09, foram na sua
maioria da linhagem Victoria que antigenicamente
se distinguem da estirpe vacinal de 2015/2016
(B/Phuket/3073/2013). Esta situação foi igualmente
verificada nos restantes países da Europa, Estados
Unidos da América e Canadá. Os vírus do subtipo
A(H3) assemelham-se antigenicamente à estirpe
selecionada para a vacina de 2016/2017 (A/Hong
Kong/4801/2014). Geneticamente a maioria dos
vírus caraterizados pertencem ao grupo 3C.2a, e
são semelhantes à estirpe vacinal para a época de
2016/2017. A avaliação da resistência aos antivirais
inibidores da neuraminidase, não revelou a circulação
de estirpes com diminuição da suscetibilidade
aos inibidores da neuraminidase (oseltamivir e zanamivir).
A situação verificada em Portugal é semelhante
à observada a nível europeu.
A percentagem mais elevada de casos de gripe foi
verificada nos indivíduos com idade inferior a 45
anos. A febre, as cefaleias, o mal-estar geral, as mialgias, a tosse e os calafrios mostraram apresentar
uma forte associação à confirmação laboratorial
de um caso de gripe.
Foi nos doentes com imunodeficiência congénita
ou adquirida que a proporção de casos de gripe
foi mais elevada, seguidos dos doentes com diabetes
e obesidade. A percentagem total de casos de
gripe em mulheres grávidas foi semelhante à observada
nas mulheres em idade fértil não grávidas. No
entanto, o vírus da gripe do tipo A(H1)pdm09 foi detetado
em maior proporção nas mulheres grávidas
quando comparado as mulheres não grávidas.
A vacina como a principal forma de prevenção
da gripe é especialmente recomendada em indivíduos
com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, doentes
crónicos e imunodeprimidos, grávidas e
profissionais de saúde. A vacinação antigripal foi
referida em 13% dos casos notificados. A deteção
do vírus da gripe ocorreu em 25% dos casos
vacinados e sujeitos a diagnóstico laboratorial
estando essencialmente associados ao vírus da
gripe A(H1)pdm09, o predominante na época de
2015/2016. Esta situação foi mais frequentemente
verificada em indivíduos com idade compreendida
entre os 15 e 45 anos. A confirmação de gripe
em indivíduos vacinados poderá estar relacionada
com uma moderada efetividade da vacina antigripal
na população em geral.
A informação relativa à terapêutica antiviral foi indicada
em 67% casos de SG notificados, proporção
superior ao verificado em anos anteriores. Os
antivirais foram prescritos a um número reduzido
de doentes (9,0%) dos quais 45.0% referiam pelo
menos a presença de uma doença crónica ou gravidez.
O antiviral mais prescrito foi o oseltamivir. A pesquisa de outros vírus respiratórios nos casos
de SG negativos para o vírus da gripe, veio revelar
a circulação e o envolvimento de outros agentes
virais respiratórios em casos de SG. Os vírus respiratórios
foram detetados durante todo o período
de vigilância da gripe, entre a semana 40/2015 e
a semana 20/2016. O hRV, o hCoV e o RSV foram
os agentes mais frequentemente detetados, para
além do vírus da gripe, estando o RSV essencialmente
associado a crianças com idade inferior a 4
anos de idade e o hRV e o hCoV aos adultos e população
mais idosa (≥ 65 anos).
A Rede Portuguesa de Laboratórios para o Diagnóstico
da Gripe, efetuou o diagnóstico da gripe
em 7443 casos de infeção respiratória sendo o
vírus da gripe detetado em 1458 destes casos.
Em 71% dos casos de gripe foi detetado o vírus
da gripe A(H1)pdm09. Os vírus da gripe do tipo
A(H3) foram detetados esporadicamente e em número
muito reduzido (2%), e em 11% o vírus da
gripe A (não subtipado). O vírus da gripe do tipo
B foi detetado em 16% dos casos. A frequência
de cada tipo e subtipo do vírus da gripe identificados
na Rede Hospitalar assemelha-se ao observado
nos cuidados de saúde primários (Rede
Médicos-Sentinela e Serviços de Urgência). Foi
nos indivíduos adultos, entre os 45-64 anos, que
o vírus A(H1)pdm09 representou uma maior proporção
dos casos de gripe incluindo igualmente
a maior proporção de doentes que necessitaram
de internamento hospitalar em unidades de cuidados
intensivos. O vírus da gripe do tipo B esteve
associado a casos de gripe confirmados nas
crianças entre os 5 e 14 anos.
Outros vírus respiratórios foram igualmente detetados
sendo o RSV e os picornavírus (hRV, hEV e picornavírus)
os mais frequentes e em co circulação
com o vírus da gripe.
Durante a época de vigilância da gripe, 2015/2016,
não se observaram excessos de mortalidade semanais.
Nas UCI verificou-se uma franca dominância do
vírus da gripe A(H1)pdm09 (90%) e a circulação simultânea
do vírus da gripe B (3%). A taxa de admissão
em UCI oscilou entre 5,8% e 4,7% entre as
semanas 53 e 12 tendo o valor máximo sido registado
na semana 8 de 2016 (8,1%). Cerca de metade
dos doentes tinha entre 45 e 64 anos. Os mais
idosos (65+ anos) foram apenas 20% dos casos,
o que não será de estranhar, considerando que
o vírus da gripe A(H1)pdm09 circulou como vírus
dominante. Aproximadamente 70% dos doentes
tinham doença crónica subjacente, tendo a obesidade
sido a mais frequente (37%). Comparativamente
com a pandemia, em que circulou também
o A(H1)pdm09, a obesidade, em 2015/2016, foi
cerca de 4 vezes mais frequente (9,8%). Apenas
8% dos doentes tinha feito a vacina contra a gripe
sazonal, apesar de mais de 70% ter doença crónica
subjacente e de haver recomendações da DGS
nesse sentido. A taxa de letalidade foi estimada
em 29,3%, mais elevada do que na época anterior
(23,7%). Cerca de 80% dos óbitos ocorreram em
indivíduos com doença crónica subjacente que
poderá ter agravado o quadro e contribuído para o
óbito. Salienta-se a ausência de dados históricos
publicados sobre letalidade em UCI, para comparação.
Note-se que esta estimativa se refere a óbitos
ocorridos apenas durante a hospitalização na
UCI e que poderão ter ocorrido mais óbitos após
a alta da UCI para outros serviços/enfermarias.
Este sistema de vigilância da gripe sazonal em UCI poderá ser aperfeiçoado nas próximas épocas reduzindo
a subnotificação e melhorando o preenchimento
dos campos necessários ao estudo da
doença.
A época de vigilância da gripe 2015/2016 foi
em muitas caraterísticas comparável ao descrito
na maioria dos países europeus. A situação
em Portugal destacou-se pela baixa intensidade
da atividade gripal, pelo predomínio do vírus da
gripe do subtipo A(H1)pdm09 acompanhada pela
deteção de vírus do tipo B (linhagem Victoria) essencialmente
no final da época gripal. A mortalidade
por todas as causas durante a epidemia da
gripe manteve-se dentro do esperado, não tendo
sido observados excessos de mortalidade. Os
vírus da gripe do subtipo predominante na época
2015/2016, A(H1)pdm09, revelaram-se antigénicamente
semelhantes à estirpe vacinal. Os vírus
da gripe do tipo B detetados distinguem-se da
estirpe vacinal de 2015/2016. Este facto conduziu
à atualização da composição da vacina antigripal
para a época 2016/2017.
A monitorização contínua da epidemia da gripe
a nível nacional e mundial permite a cada inverno
avaliar o impacto da gripe na saúde da população,
monitorizar a evolução dos vírus da gripe e
atuar de forma a prevenir e implementar medidas
eficazes de tratamento da doença, especialmente
quando esta se apresenta acompanhada de complicações
graves.
The influenza virus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, affecting a large number of individuals each year. In Portugal the epidemiological surveillance of influenza is ensured by the National Program for Influenza Surveillance (PNVG) through the integration of information from clinical and virological components, generating detailed data regarding the flu activity. The clinical component is supported by the sentinel network Médicos-Sentinela and has a particularly important role in the estimates of the weekly ILI incidence rates to describe the intensity and evolution of the influenza epidemic. Virological component is based on laboratory diagnosis of influenza virus and aims to detect and characterise influenza viruses in circulation. To further study the ILI etiology was performed differential diagnosis of other respiratory viruses: respiratory syncytial virus type A (RSV A) and B (RSV B), the human rhinovirus (HRV), parainfluenza human virus type 1 ( PIV1), 2 (PIV2) and 3 (PIV3), human coronavirus (HCoV), adenovirus (AdV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). Since 2009 the surveillance of influenza accounts also with the Portuguese Laboratories Network for the diagnosis of influenza that currently have 15 hospitals in Portugal mainland and Atlantic Islands, Azores and Madeira. The hospital laboratory network added to PNVG data on more severe respiratory illness requiring hospitalization even in ICU. In 2011/2012, a pilot study was launched to monitor serious cases of influenza admitted to ICU that led to the current UCI influenza surveillance network, in 2015/2016 included 31 UCI (324 beds). This component aims to monitor new cases of flu (laboratory confirmed) admitted to UCI, allowing an evaluation of disease severity associated with influenza infection. The Daily Mortality Surveillance System monitors the weekly mortality from "all causes" during flu season. It is an epidemiological surveillance system that aims to quickly detect and estimate the impacts of environmental or epidemic events related to mortality excesses. The notification of ILI cases and collection of biological samples was carried out by several networks colaborating in the National Influenza Surveillance Program: General Practitioner (GP) Sentinel Network, Emergency/Obstetrics Units Network, EuroEVA Project, Portuguese Laboratories Network for the diagnosis of influenza and UCI influenza surveillance Network. During influenza surveillance season 2015/2016 were reported 1,273 cases of ILI. From 87.0% of these ILI cases a nasopharyngeal swab was sent for laboratory diagnosis of influenza and other respiratpry viruses. During 2015/2016 flu activity was considered of low intensity. The epidemic period occurred between week 53/2015 and week 9/2016 and the highest weekly incidence rate of influenza-like illness (72.0/100000) was observed in week 53/2015. According to the cases notified by the GP Sentinel network, the age group of 15 to 64 showed the higher cumulative ILI incidence. The influenza virus was detected in 41.0% of the nasopharyngeal swabs and other respiratory virus were also found in 24.0% of these. The influenza A virus (H1)pdm09 was predominantly detected in 90.4% of flu cases; were also detected other influenza viruses, influenza B - Victoria lineage (8.0%), A(H3) (1.3%) and B- Yamagata lineage (0.5%). Antigenic analysis of influenza A(H1) pdm09 shown its similarity to the vaccine strain 2015/2016 (A/California/7/2009), majority of the viruses belonged to the new genetic group 6B.1, which was also predominantly detected in circulation all over Europe. The influenza B virus, although detected in rather smaller number compared to the A(H1) pdm09, were mostly from Victoria lineage antigenically dissimilar to the vaccine strain 2015/2016 (B/Phuket/3073/2013). This was also observed in other European countries, USA and Canada. The virus subtype A(H3) were antigenically similar to the vaccine strain for 2016/2017 (A/Hong Kong / 4801/2014). Genetically most viruses characterized belong to 3C.2a group, and are similar to the strain selected for influenza vaccine, 2016/2017 season. Monitoring of antiviral susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors showed that the majority of circulating strains have a normal susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). The situation in Portugal is similar to that observed at European level. The highest percentage of influenza cases was confirmed in individuals under the age of 45 years. Fever, headache, general malaise, myalgia, cough and chills shown to present a strong association with laboratory confirmation of a flu case. It was in patients with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency that the proportion of influenza cases was higher, followed by patients with diabetes and obesity. The total percentage of influenza positive cases in pregnant women was similar to that seen in non pregnant women of childbearing age. However, the influenza virus type A(H1) pdm09 was detected in a greater proportion in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women. The vaccine as the main measure to prevent flu is especially recommended to individuals aged over 65, chronically ill and immunocompromised, pregnant women and health professionals. The flu vaccination was reported in 13.0% of notified ILI cases. The detection of the influenza virus occurred in 25.0% of vaccinated cases and is mainly associated with the influenza A(H1) pdm09, the predominant in 2015/2016 season. This was frequently observed in patients aged between 15 and 45 years. Confirmation of influenza in vaccinated individuals may be associated with a moderate effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the general population. The information on antiviral therapy was reported in 67.0% of ILI cases, a proportion greater than in previous years. Antiviral were prescribed to a small number of patients (9.0%) of which 45.0% reported at least the presence of a chronic illness or pregnancy. Oseltamivir was the most widely prescribed antiviral. The research of other respiratory viruses in ILI negative for influenza, has shown the circulation and the involvement of other respiratory viral agents in ILI cases. Respiratory viruses were detected throughout the influenza surveillance period from week 40/2015 to week 20/2016. HRV, HCoV and RSV were the most frequently detected agents in addition to influenza viruses, with the RSV essentially associated with children under 4 years of age and HRV and HCoV to adults and older population ( 65 years). The Portuguese Laboratories Network for the diagnosis of influenza, performed the influenza diagnosis in 7443 cases of respiratory infection, influenza was detected in 1458 these cases. In 71% of flu cases was found influenza A(H1) pdm09. The influenza A(H3) were detected sporadically and in very small numbers (2%), remaining 11% has influenza A (not subtyped). The influenza virus type B was detected in 16% of the flu cases. In the Hospital Network the frequency of each influenza virus type and subtype detected resembles what was seen in primary care (GP Sentinel Network and Emergency Units Network). It was in adults, between 45-64 years, that the virus A(H1) pdm09 represented a higher proportion of flu cases including also the highest proportion in patients requiring hospitalization in intensive care units. The influenza B virus has been associated with most cases of influenza confirmed in children between 5 and 14 years. Other respiratory viruses were also detected with RSV and picornavirus (HRV, HEV and picornavirus) the most common and in co circulating with the influenza virus. During the 2015/2016 influenza season there was no weekly excess mortality. In the ICU there was a predominance of influenza A (H1)pdm09 (90.0%) and the simultaneous detection of the influenza B (3.0%). The ICU admission rate ranged between 5.8% and 4.7% between weeks 53/2015 and 12/2016, the maximum value was recorded at week 8/2016 (8.1%). About half of the patients were aged between 45 and 64 years. Older patients (65+ years) were only 20% of cases, which is not surprising considering that the influenza A(H1)pdm09 circulated as a dominant virus. Approximately 70.0% of patients had underlying chronic disease, obesity has been the most frequent (37.0%). Compared with the pandemic, in which also circulated A(H1)pdm09, obesity in 2015/2016 was about 4 times more frequently associated with flu (9.8%). Only 8% of patients had the flu seasonal vaccine, although more than 70% had underlying chronic disease that supported vaccine uptake according to General Directorate of Health recommendations. The mortality rate was estimated at 29.3%, higher than the previous time (23.7%). About 80% of deaths occurred in people with underlying chronic disease that may worsen the clinical condition and contributed to the death. Emphasizes the absence of historical data published on mortality in ICU for data comparison. Note that this estimate refers to deaths only during hospitalization in ICU and that may have occurred more deaths after discharge from the ICU to other services/wards. This seasonal influenza surveillance system in UCI could be improved in future seasons reducing under reporting and improving the form completeness, to study the disease. The 2015/2016 flu epidemic was in many features comparable to that of most European countries. The situation in Portugal was highlighted by a low influenza activity, with the predominant subtype of influenza virus A(H1)pdm09 accompanied by the influenza B virus detection especially at the end of the flu season. Mortality from all causes during the influenza epidemic remained as expected, and there were no mortality excesses. The predominant flu virus in 2015/2016 season, A(H1)pdm09, were antigenically similar to vaccine strain. The influenza B detected viruses were dissimilar from the vaccine strain 2015/2016. This led to the influenza vaccine composition update for the 2016/2017 season. Continuous monitoring of the flu epidemic at national and global level allows every winter to assess the impact of influenza in the population's health, monitor the evolution of influenza viruses and take action on prevention and implementation of effective treatment measures especially when disease, is accompanied by serious complications.
The influenza virus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, affecting a large number of individuals each year. In Portugal the epidemiological surveillance of influenza is ensured by the National Program for Influenza Surveillance (PNVG) through the integration of information from clinical and virological components, generating detailed data regarding the flu activity. The clinical component is supported by the sentinel network Médicos-Sentinela and has a particularly important role in the estimates of the weekly ILI incidence rates to describe the intensity and evolution of the influenza epidemic. Virological component is based on laboratory diagnosis of influenza virus and aims to detect and characterise influenza viruses in circulation. To further study the ILI etiology was performed differential diagnosis of other respiratory viruses: respiratory syncytial virus type A (RSV A) and B (RSV B), the human rhinovirus (HRV), parainfluenza human virus type 1 ( PIV1), 2 (PIV2) and 3 (PIV3), human coronavirus (HCoV), adenovirus (AdV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). Since 2009 the surveillance of influenza accounts also with the Portuguese Laboratories Network for the diagnosis of influenza that currently have 15 hospitals in Portugal mainland and Atlantic Islands, Azores and Madeira. The hospital laboratory network added to PNVG data on more severe respiratory illness requiring hospitalization even in ICU. In 2011/2012, a pilot study was launched to monitor serious cases of influenza admitted to ICU that led to the current UCI influenza surveillance network, in 2015/2016 included 31 UCI (324 beds). This component aims to monitor new cases of flu (laboratory confirmed) admitted to UCI, allowing an evaluation of disease severity associated with influenza infection. The Daily Mortality Surveillance System monitors the weekly mortality from "all causes" during flu season. It is an epidemiological surveillance system that aims to quickly detect and estimate the impacts of environmental or epidemic events related to mortality excesses. The notification of ILI cases and collection of biological samples was carried out by several networks colaborating in the National Influenza Surveillance Program: General Practitioner (GP) Sentinel Network, Emergency/Obstetrics Units Network, EuroEVA Project, Portuguese Laboratories Network for the diagnosis of influenza and UCI influenza surveillance Network. During influenza surveillance season 2015/2016 were reported 1,273 cases of ILI. From 87.0% of these ILI cases a nasopharyngeal swab was sent for laboratory diagnosis of influenza and other respiratpry viruses. During 2015/2016 flu activity was considered of low intensity. The epidemic period occurred between week 53/2015 and week 9/2016 and the highest weekly incidence rate of influenza-like illness (72.0/100000) was observed in week 53/2015. According to the cases notified by the GP Sentinel network, the age group of 15 to 64 showed the higher cumulative ILI incidence. The influenza virus was detected in 41.0% of the nasopharyngeal swabs and other respiratory virus were also found in 24.0% of these. The influenza A virus (H1)pdm09 was predominantly detected in 90.4% of flu cases; were also detected other influenza viruses, influenza B - Victoria lineage (8.0%), A(H3) (1.3%) and B- Yamagata lineage (0.5%). Antigenic analysis of influenza A(H1) pdm09 shown its similarity to the vaccine strain 2015/2016 (A/California/7/2009), majority of the viruses belonged to the new genetic group 6B.1, which was also predominantly detected in circulation all over Europe. The influenza B virus, although detected in rather smaller number compared to the A(H1) pdm09, were mostly from Victoria lineage antigenically dissimilar to the vaccine strain 2015/2016 (B/Phuket/3073/2013). This was also observed in other European countries, USA and Canada. The virus subtype A(H3) were antigenically similar to the vaccine strain for 2016/2017 (A/Hong Kong / 4801/2014). Genetically most viruses characterized belong to 3C.2a group, and are similar to the strain selected for influenza vaccine, 2016/2017 season. Monitoring of antiviral susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors showed that the majority of circulating strains have a normal susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). The situation in Portugal is similar to that observed at European level. The highest percentage of influenza cases was confirmed in individuals under the age of 45 years. Fever, headache, general malaise, myalgia, cough and chills shown to present a strong association with laboratory confirmation of a flu case. It was in patients with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency that the proportion of influenza cases was higher, followed by patients with diabetes and obesity. The total percentage of influenza positive cases in pregnant women was similar to that seen in non pregnant women of childbearing age. However, the influenza virus type A(H1) pdm09 was detected in a greater proportion in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women. The vaccine as the main measure to prevent flu is especially recommended to individuals aged over 65, chronically ill and immunocompromised, pregnant women and health professionals. The flu vaccination was reported in 13.0% of notified ILI cases. The detection of the influenza virus occurred in 25.0% of vaccinated cases and is mainly associated with the influenza A(H1) pdm09, the predominant in 2015/2016 season. This was frequently observed in patients aged between 15 and 45 years. Confirmation of influenza in vaccinated individuals may be associated with a moderate effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the general population. The information on antiviral therapy was reported in 67.0% of ILI cases, a proportion greater than in previous years. Antiviral were prescribed to a small number of patients (9.0%) of which 45.0% reported at least the presence of a chronic illness or pregnancy. Oseltamivir was the most widely prescribed antiviral. The research of other respiratory viruses in ILI negative for influenza, has shown the circulation and the involvement of other respiratory viral agents in ILI cases. Respiratory viruses were detected throughout the influenza surveillance period from week 40/2015 to week 20/2016. HRV, HCoV and RSV were the most frequently detected agents in addition to influenza viruses, with the RSV essentially associated with children under 4 years of age and HRV and HCoV to adults and older population ( 65 years). The Portuguese Laboratories Network for the diagnosis of influenza, performed the influenza diagnosis in 7443 cases of respiratory infection, influenza was detected in 1458 these cases. In 71% of flu cases was found influenza A(H1) pdm09. The influenza A(H3) were detected sporadically and in very small numbers (2%), remaining 11% has influenza A (not subtyped). The influenza virus type B was detected in 16% of the flu cases. In the Hospital Network the frequency of each influenza virus type and subtype detected resembles what was seen in primary care (GP Sentinel Network and Emergency Units Network). It was in adults, between 45-64 years, that the virus A(H1) pdm09 represented a higher proportion of flu cases including also the highest proportion in patients requiring hospitalization in intensive care units. The influenza B virus has been associated with most cases of influenza confirmed in children between 5 and 14 years. Other respiratory viruses were also detected with RSV and picornavirus (HRV, HEV and picornavirus) the most common and in co circulating with the influenza virus. During the 2015/2016 influenza season there was no weekly excess mortality. In the ICU there was a predominance of influenza A (H1)pdm09 (90.0%) and the simultaneous detection of the influenza B (3.0%). The ICU admission rate ranged between 5.8% and 4.7% between weeks 53/2015 and 12/2016, the maximum value was recorded at week 8/2016 (8.1%). About half of the patients were aged between 45 and 64 years. Older patients (65+ years) were only 20% of cases, which is not surprising considering that the influenza A(H1)pdm09 circulated as a dominant virus. Approximately 70.0% of patients had underlying chronic disease, obesity has been the most frequent (37.0%). Compared with the pandemic, in which also circulated A(H1)pdm09, obesity in 2015/2016 was about 4 times more frequently associated with flu (9.8%). Only 8% of patients had the flu seasonal vaccine, although more than 70% had underlying chronic disease that supported vaccine uptake according to General Directorate of Health recommendations. The mortality rate was estimated at 29.3%, higher than the previous time (23.7%). About 80% of deaths occurred in people with underlying chronic disease that may worsen the clinical condition and contributed to the death. Emphasizes the absence of historical data published on mortality in ICU for data comparison. Note that this estimate refers to deaths only during hospitalization in ICU and that may have occurred more deaths after discharge from the ICU to other services/wards. This seasonal influenza surveillance system in UCI could be improved in future seasons reducing under reporting and improving the form completeness, to study the disease. The 2015/2016 flu epidemic was in many features comparable to that of most European countries. The situation in Portugal was highlighted by a low influenza activity, with the predominant subtype of influenza virus A(H1)pdm09 accompanied by the influenza B virus detection especially at the end of the flu season. Mortality from all causes during the influenza epidemic remained as expected, and there were no mortality excesses. The predominant flu virus in 2015/2016 season, A(H1)pdm09, were antigenically similar to vaccine strain. The influenza B detected viruses were dissimilar from the vaccine strain 2015/2016. This led to the influenza vaccine composition update for the 2016/2017 season. Continuous monitoring of the flu epidemic at national and global level allows every winter to assess the impact of influenza in the population's health, monitor the evolution of influenza viruses and take action on prevention and implementation of effective treatment measures especially when disease, is accompanied by serious complications.
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Keywords
Gripe Influenza Infecções Respiratórias Programa Nacional de Vigilância da Gripe Rede Portuguesa de Laboratórios para o Diagnóstico da Gripe Vigilância da Gripe em UCI Mortalidade por "todas as causas" Vigilância Epidemiológica Estados de Saúde e de Doença Síndroma Gripal Época 2015/2016 Saúde Pública Portugal
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Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP
