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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Introdução: O consumo de tabaco é um importante
fator de risco para várias doenças. O conhecimento
das caraterísticas dos fumadores e
sua evolução é essencial para planear e monitorizar
as estratégias de prevenção do consumo.
O objetivo deste trabalho é caraterizar os principais
fatores socioeconómicos associados ao
consumo de tabaco e sua tendência temporal.
Métodos: Foram analisados os dados dos Inquéritos
Nacionais de Saúde (INS) disponíveis
(1987, 1995/96, 1998/99, 2005/06 e 2014). Calcuram-
se prevalências padronizadas para a idade
e estratificadas para cada uma das 5 regiões
do Continente, nível de escolaridade, estado civil,
ocupação principal e grupo profissional. Para
cada inquérito ajustou-se um modelo de regressão
logística com as variáveis mencionadas, tendo
sido ainda ajustado um modelo conjunto. As
análises foram estratificadas por sexo.
Resultados: Nos homens verificou-se diminuição
na prevalência dos fumadores de 35,2%
[Intervalo de Confiança a 95% (IC95%): 34,2-
36,2] em 1987 para 26,7 (IC95%: 25,2-28,3) em
2014. Desempregados (de 53,5% em 1987 para
41,6% em 2014), divorciados (de 60,1% em 1987
a 39,7% em 2014), residentes no Alentejo (de
46,8% em 1987 a 29,5% em 2014), trabalhadores
não qualificados (TNQ) (de 35,2% em 2005
a 42,0% em 2014) apresentam as maiories prevalências,
sem tendências. Desemprego e TNQ
encontraram-se fortemente associados com o
consumo de tabaco em todos os INS [Odds Ratio
(OR): desemprego – 3,85 em 2005; 4,49 em
1995; TNQ – 2,79 em 2005; 2,74 em 1995], estando
o estado civil e residência no Alentejo
menos associados ao consumo (OR: divorciados
- 2,12 em 2014; 2,50 em 1987; Alentejo -
1,23 em 2014; 2,35 em 1987). O grupo 25-34
anos foi o grupo mais fortemente associado ao
consumo exceto nos dois últimos INS (OR: 5,63
em 1987; 6,51 em 1998).
Nas mulheres verificou-se aumento da prevalência:
6,0% (IC95%: 5,6-6,4) em 1987 para 14,6
(IC95%: 13,6; 15,8) em 2014. Em todos os INS divorciadas
(de 17,1% em 1987 a 26,9 em 2014) e
em todos exceto o último INS as residentes em
Lisboa e Vale do Tejo (9,2% em 1987 a 16,0%
em 2005) apresentaram as maiores prevalências.
Para o nível de escolaridade, verificou-se uma
maior prevalência em mulheres com educação
superior, de 1987 (23,3%) a 1998 (18,5%), alterando-
se para o ensino secundário no último INS
(19,0%). As desempregadas (OR: 2,76 em 2014;
3,74 em 1987) e divorciadas (OR: 2,54 em 2005;
3,31 em 1998) também apresentaram maior OR
de consumo em todos os INS. A região de Lisboa
e Vale do Tejo foi onde se registou maior possibilidade
de consumo em todos os INS, exceto os
de 1998 e 2014 (OR: 1,31-2,31). Para a idade, em
1987 o maior OR observou-se no grupo 15-24
anos (OR: 12,23), seguindo-se o grupo dos 25-34
nos INS de 1995 e 1998 (OR: 16,71 e 14,38, respetivamente)
e o grupo dos 35-44 anos nos INS de 2005 e 2014 (OR: 12,84 e 4,91, respetivamente).
Não foi identificado nenhum grupo de forma
consistente ao nível de escolaridade ou grupo
profissional.
Conclusões: O consumo de tabaco em Portugal
Continental apresenta diferentes tendências
para homens e mulheres, com a prevalência a
diminuir nos homens e a aumentar nas mulheres
desde 1987. Nos homens a frequência mais elevada
de consumo observa-se nos grupos socioeconómicos
mais desfavorecidos verificando-se
o oposto nas mulheres. Os grupos mais vulneráveis
(desempregados, divorciados) revelaram
tendências com consistência temporal e devem
ser considerados no planeamento e na avaliação
das estratégias de cessação. Para os restantes
grupos, a monitorização deve ser continuada e
mantida de modo a poder adaptar as estratégias
de cessação tabágica.
Introduction: Tobacco consumption is an important risk factor for several diseases. As such, knowledge on smokers characteristics and its evolution is essential to plan and monitor strategies to prevent the consumption. The current work objective is to characterize the main socioeconomic factors associated to tobacco consumption and its main trends. Methods: Data from the National Health Surveys (NHS) available were analysed (1987, 1995/96, 1998/99, 2005/06 and 2014). Aged-standardised prevalences stratified for age, mainland region, educational level, marital status, main occupation, and professional group were calculated. Finally, a logistic regression model with the abovementioned variables was fitted, for each survey individually and for the pooled data. All analyses were stratified by sex. Results: Among men, we observed a decrease in smokers prevalence from 35.2% [95% Confidence Interval (95%CI): 34.2-36.2] in 1987 to 26,7 (IC95%: 25.2-28.3) in 2014. Unemployed (from 53.5% in 1987 to 41.6% in 2014), divorced (from 39.7 in 2014 to 60.1% in 1987), Alentejo residents (from 29.5 in 2014 to 46.8% in 1987), unskilled workers (UW) (from 35.2% in 2005 to 42.0% in 2014) had the highest prevalence, with no trends. Unemployment and UW were strongly associated with consumption in all NHS [Odds Ratio (OR): unemployment – 3.85 in 2005; 4.49 in 1995; UW – 2.79 in 2005; 2.74 in 1995]. Marital status and living in Alentejo were less associated with consumption (OR: divorced – 2.12 in 2014; 2.50 in 1987; Alentejo – 1.23 in 2014; 2.35 in 1987). 25-34 age group was strongly associated with consumption in all but the last two NHS (OR: 5.63 in 1987; 6.51 in 1998). Among women there was an increase in prevalence: 6.0% (95%CI: 5.6-6.4) in 1987 to 14.6 (95%CI: 13.6; 15.8) in 2014. In all NHS divorced (from 17.1% in 1987 to 26.9% in 2014) and in all but the last two NHS Lisbon and Tagus Valley residents (from 9.2 % in 1987 to 16.0% in 2005) showed the highest prevalences. Considering the educational level, there was a higher prevalence among those with high education from 1987 (23.3%) to 1998 (18.5%), and then among those with secondary education in the last NHS (19.0%). Unemployed (OR: 2.76 in 2005; 3.74 in 1987) and divorced (OR: 2.54 in 2005; 3.31 in 1998) also presented the highest OR of consumption in all NHS. Lisbon and Tagus Valley was the region with the highest odds of consumption on all but 1998 and 2014 NHS (OR: 1.31-2.31). Looking at age, the highest OR was observed in the 15-24 age group in 1987 (OR: 11.82), followed by 25-34 age group in 1995 and 1998 (OR: 16.71 and 14.38, respectively) and the 35-44 age group in 2005 and 2014 (OR: 12.84 and 4.91, respectively). No group was consistently identified for educational level or professional group. Conclusions: Tobacco consumption in Portugal has different trends in men and women: prevalence is decreasing among men, while among women prevalence is increased. Among men, higher frequencies of tobacco consumption were observed in more deprived socioeconomic groups while the opposite was observed among women. We have observed temporal consistence for more vulnerable individuals (unemployed, divorced), and these groups should be considered while planning and evaluating cessation strategies. For the remaining, monitoring should be continued and strategies adapted accordingly.
Introduction: Tobacco consumption is an important risk factor for several diseases. As such, knowledge on smokers characteristics and its evolution is essential to plan and monitor strategies to prevent the consumption. The current work objective is to characterize the main socioeconomic factors associated to tobacco consumption and its main trends. Methods: Data from the National Health Surveys (NHS) available were analysed (1987, 1995/96, 1998/99, 2005/06 and 2014). Aged-standardised prevalences stratified for age, mainland region, educational level, marital status, main occupation, and professional group were calculated. Finally, a logistic regression model with the abovementioned variables was fitted, for each survey individually and for the pooled data. All analyses were stratified by sex. Results: Among men, we observed a decrease in smokers prevalence from 35.2% [95% Confidence Interval (95%CI): 34.2-36.2] in 1987 to 26,7 (IC95%: 25.2-28.3) in 2014. Unemployed (from 53.5% in 1987 to 41.6% in 2014), divorced (from 39.7 in 2014 to 60.1% in 1987), Alentejo residents (from 29.5 in 2014 to 46.8% in 1987), unskilled workers (UW) (from 35.2% in 2005 to 42.0% in 2014) had the highest prevalence, with no trends. Unemployment and UW were strongly associated with consumption in all NHS [Odds Ratio (OR): unemployment – 3.85 in 2005; 4.49 in 1995; UW – 2.79 in 2005; 2.74 in 1995]. Marital status and living in Alentejo were less associated with consumption (OR: divorced – 2.12 in 2014; 2.50 in 1987; Alentejo – 1.23 in 2014; 2.35 in 1987). 25-34 age group was strongly associated with consumption in all but the last two NHS (OR: 5.63 in 1987; 6.51 in 1998). Among women there was an increase in prevalence: 6.0% (95%CI: 5.6-6.4) in 1987 to 14.6 (95%CI: 13.6; 15.8) in 2014. In all NHS divorced (from 17.1% in 1987 to 26.9% in 2014) and in all but the last two NHS Lisbon and Tagus Valley residents (from 9.2 % in 1987 to 16.0% in 2005) showed the highest prevalences. Considering the educational level, there was a higher prevalence among those with high education from 1987 (23.3%) to 1998 (18.5%), and then among those with secondary education in the last NHS (19.0%). Unemployed (OR: 2.76 in 2005; 3.74 in 1987) and divorced (OR: 2.54 in 2005; 3.31 in 1998) also presented the highest OR of consumption in all NHS. Lisbon and Tagus Valley was the region with the highest odds of consumption on all but 1998 and 2014 NHS (OR: 1.31-2.31). Looking at age, the highest OR was observed in the 15-24 age group in 1987 (OR: 11.82), followed by 25-34 age group in 1995 and 1998 (OR: 16.71 and 14.38, respectively) and the 35-44 age group in 2005 and 2014 (OR: 12.84 and 4.91, respectively). No group was consistently identified for educational level or professional group. Conclusions: Tobacco consumption in Portugal has different trends in men and women: prevalence is decreasing among men, while among women prevalence is increased. Among men, higher frequencies of tobacco consumption were observed in more deprived socioeconomic groups while the opposite was observed among women. We have observed temporal consistence for more vulnerable individuals (unemployed, divorced), and these groups should be considered while planning and evaluating cessation strategies. For the remaining, monitoring should be continued and strategies adapted accordingly.
Description
Relatório revisto em agosto de 2018. Na revisão foi adicionada a palavra “diário(s)” junto de “fumadores/consumo de tabaco” para
clarificar que se consideraram apenas os fumadores diários nas análises efetuadas. Foi clarificado que o período de referência do
consumo de tabaco utilizado no Inquérito Nacional de Saúde de 2014 é a “situação típica”ao invés das “duas semanas anteriores à
entrevista” que é o período de referência utilizado nos restantes inquéritos. Estas alterações foram exclusivamente de texto, não resultando em modificações nas análises efetuadas ou nos resultados apresentados no relatório.
Keywords
Tabaco Consumo de Tabaco Características Sociodemográficas Inquéritos Nacionais de Saúde Determinantes da Saúde e da Doença Saúde Pública Portugal
Citation
Publisher
Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP.