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- Hazard characterisation of bisphenol A alternatives to improve risk assessment for human health: genotoxic and carcinogenic effects in mammalian cellsPublication . Pereira, Maria João Rodrigues; Silva, Maria João; Farinha, CarlosBisphenol A (BPA) is a compound used in the production of epoxy resins, polycarbonate plastics and as an additive (e.g. in thermal paper). It is present in several different products and has been detected both in the environment and in human matrices. BPA is a known endocrine disruptor, with several studies linking it to multiple harmful health effects. Therefore, there is an effort to phase out its use, but also to replace it with alternative substances. Various alternatives are already being used and have been detected in the environment and human matrices. Furthermore, some harmful health effects have also been reported for those substances (albeit not as many as BPA), justifying the need for more research on these alternatives. This thesis is part of the Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC), that prioritized alternatives based on the lack of data on their effects on human health and due to human exposure to them occurring or being likely to occur. This thesis focused on BPS-MAE and BPAP, aiming to contribute to their hazard assessment, through the characterisation of their in vitro genotoxic and carcinogenic potential. The former was assessed for BPS-MAE and BPAP with the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus assay, in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results suggest that BPS-MAE and BPAP do not have a genotoxic effect at the concentrations and exposure times tested. Genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity of BPAP and BPA was ascertained with the Cell Transformation assay, in Bhas 42 cells. BPA was tested to allow inter-laboratory comparison of results and assay optimisation. The results indicate that neither BPAP nor BPA have potential carcinogenic activity at the concentrations and treatment durations tested. The data obtained will help eliminating existing data gaps, aid to improve these alternatives’ risk assessment and contribute to the formulation of legislation, if necessary.