Browsing by Author "da Costa, Paulo J."
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- A Comparative Overview of the Role of Human Ribonucleases in Nonsense-Mediated mRNA DecayPublication . da Costa, Paulo J.; Menezes, Juliane; Guedes, Raquel; Reis, Filipa P.; Teixeira, Alexandre; Saramago, Margarida; Viegas, Sandra C.; Arraiano, Cecília M.; Romão, LuísaEukaryotic cells possess surveillance mechanisms that detect and degrade defective transcripts. Aberrant transcripts include mRNAs with a premature termination codon (PTC), targeted by the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway, and mRNAs lacking a termination codon, targeted by the nonstop decay (NSD) pathway. The eukaryotic exosome, a ribonucleolytic complex, plays a crucial role in mRNA processing and turnover through its catalytic subunits PM/Scl100 (Rrp6 in yeast), DIS3 (Rrp44 in yeast), and DIS3L1. Additionally, eukaryotic cells have other ribonucleases, such as SMG6 and XRN1, that participate in RNA surveillance. However, the specific pathways through which ribonucleases recognize and degrade mRNAs remain elusive. In this study, we characterized the involvement of human ribonucleases, both nuclear and cytoplasmic, in the mRNA surveillance mechanisms of NMD and NSD. We performed knockdowns of SMG6, PM/Scl100, XRN1, DIS3, and DIS3L1, analyzing the resulting changes in mRNA levels of selected natural NMD targets by RT-qPCR. Additionally, we examined the levels of different human β-globin variants under the same conditions: wild-type, NMD-resistant, NMD-sensitive, and NSD-sensitive. Our results demonstrate that all the studied ribonucleases are involved in the decay of certain endogenous NMD targets. Furthermore, we observed that the ribonucleases SMG6 and DIS3 contribute to the degradation of all β-globin variants, with an exception for βNS in the former case. This is also the case for PM/Scl100, which affects all β-globin variants except the NMD-sensitive variants. In contrast, DIS3L1 and XRN1 show specificity for β-globin WT and NMD-resistant variants. These findings suggest that eukaryotic ribonucleases are target-specific rather than pathway-specific. In addition, our data suggest that ribonucleases play broader roles in mRNA surveillance and degradation mechanisms beyond just NMD and NSD.
- DIS3L2 knockdown impairs key oncogenic properties of colorectal cancer cells via the mTOR signaling pathwayPublication . García-Moreno, Juan F.; Lacerda, Rafaela; da Costa, Paulo J.; Pereira, Marcelo; Gama-Carvalho, Margarida; Matos, Paulo; Romão, LuísaDIS3L2 degrades different types of RNAs in an exosome-independent manner including mRNAs and several types of non-coding RNAs. DIS3L2-mediated degradation is preceded by the addition of nontemplated uridines at the 3’end of its targets by the terminal uridylyl transferases 4 and 7. Most of the literature that concerns DIS3L2 characterizes its involvement in several RNA degradation pathways, however, there is some evidence that its dysregulated activity may contribute to cancer development. In the present study, we characterize the role of DIS3L2 in human colorectal cancer (CRC). Using the public RNA datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we found higher DIS3L2 mRNA levels in CRC tissues versus normal colonic samples as well as worse prognosis in patients with high DIS3L2 expression. In addition, our RNA deep-sequencing data revealed that knockdown (KD) of DIS3L2 induces a strong transcriptomic disturbance in SW480 CRC cells. Moreover, gene ontology (GO) analysis of significant upregulated transcripts displays enrichment in mRNAs encoding proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and cancer-related pathways, which guided us to evaluate which specific hallmarks of cancer are differentially regulated by DIS3L2. To do so, we employed four CRC cell lines (HCT116, SW480, Caco-2 and HT-29) differing in their mutational background and oncogenicity. We demonstrate that lack depletion of DIS3L2 results in reduced cell viability of highly oncogenic SW480 and HCT116 CRC cells, but had little or no impact in the more differentiated Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. Remarkably, the mTOR signaling pathway, crucial for cell survival and growth, is downregulated after DIS3L2 KD, whereas AZGP1, an mTOR pathway inhibitor, is upregulated. Furthermore, our results indicate that depletion of DIS3L2 disturbs metastasis-associated properties, such as cell migration and invasion, only in highly oncogenic CRC cells. Our work reveals for the first time a role for DIS3L2 in sustaining CRC cell proliferation and provides evidence that this ribonuclease is required to support the viability and invasive behavior of dedifferentiated CRC cells.
- Experimental supporting data on DIS3L2 over nonsense-mediated mRNA decay targets in human cellsPublication . da Costa, Paulo J.; Menezes, Juliane; Saramago, Margarida; García-Moreno, Juan F.; Santos, Hugo A.; Gama-Carvalho, Margarida; Arraiano, Cecília M.; Viegas, Sandra C.; Romão, LuísaIn this article, we present supportive data related to the research article “A role for DIS3L2 over natural nonsense-mediated mRNA decay targets in human cells” [1], where interpretation of the data presented here is available. Indeed, here we analyze the impact of the DIS3L2 exoribonuclease over nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)-targets. Specifically, we present data on: a) the expression of various reporter human β-globin mRNAs, monitored by Northern blot and RT-qPCR, before and after altering DIS3L2 levels in HeLa cells, and b) the gene expression levels of deregulated transcripts generated by re-analyzing publicly available data from UPF1-depleted HeLa cells that were further cross-referenced with a dataset of transcripts upregulated in DIS3L2-depleted cells. These analyses revealed that DIS3L2 regulates the levels of a subset of NMD-targets. These data can be valuable for researchers interested in the NMD mechanism.
- Genetics of personalized medicine: cancer and rare diseasesPublication . Siefers Alves, Inês; Condinho, Manuel; Custódio, Sónia; Pereira, Bruna; Fernandes, Rafael; Gonçalves, Vânia; da Costa, Paulo J.; Lacerda, Rafaela; Marques, Ana Rita; Martins-Dias, Patrícia; Nogueira, Gonçalo; Neves, Ana Rita; Pinho, Patrícia; Rodrigues, Raquel; Rolo, Eva; Silva, Joana; Travessa, André; Pinto-Leite, Rosário; Sousa, Ana; Romão, LuísaThe 21st annual meeting of the Portuguese Society of Human Genetics (SPGH), organized by Luísa Romão, Ana Sousa and Rosário Pinto Leite, was held in Caparica, Portugal, from the 16th to the 18th of November 2017. Having entered an era in which personalized medicine is emerging as a paradigm for disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention, the program of this meeting intended to include lectures by leading national and international scientists presenting exceptional findings on the genetics of personalized medicine. Various topics were discussed, including cancer genetics, transcriptome dynamics and novel therapeutics for cancers and rare disorders that are designed to specifically target molecular alterations in individual patients. Several panel discussions were held to emphasize (ethical) issues associated with personalized medicine, including genetic cancer counseling.
- How DIS3L2 meets NMD-targets: I’m really into “U”!Publication . da Costa, Paulo J.; Saramago, Margarida; Viegas, Sancra C.; Arraiano, Cecília M.; Romão, LuísaThe nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway selectively degrades mRNAs carrying a premature translation-termination codon but also regulates the abundance of a large number of physiological RNAs that encode full-length proteins. Also, NMD regulates the levels of many physiological PTC-free mRNAs that encode full-length proteins. In human cells, NMD-targeted mRNAs are degraded by endonucleolytic cleavage and exonucleolytic degradation from both 5’ and 3’ ends. This is achieved by a process not yet completely understood that promotes the decay of the mRNAs in 5’-to-3’ and 3’-to-5’ by the XRN1 and exosome, respectively. In yeast, Dis3/Rrp44 protein is the catalytic subunit of the exosome, but in humans, there are three known paralogues of this enzyme: DIS3, DIS3L1, and the Perlman syndrome-associated exoribonuclease DIS3L2. Conversely, to its counterparts, DIS3L2 activity is independent of the exosome. In order to unveil the role of DIS3L2 in NMD, we performed its knockdown in HeLa cells and measured the mRNA levels of various natural NMD-targets. Our results show that DIS3L2 is involved in NMD-targets decay. Besides that, DIS3L2 acts directly on NMD-targets and interacts with the key NMD factor UPF1. We also show that DIS3L2-mediated decay depends on the activity of the terminal uridylyl transferases (TUTases) 4 and 7, which adds non-templated uridines to the mRNAs 3’ end, marking these mRNAs for DIS3L2 degradation. Together, our findings establish a direct role of DIS3L2 in NMD in an uridylation-dependent manner.
- Nonsense-Mediated mRNA decay in development, stress and cancerPublication . Fernandes, Rafael; Nogueira, Gonçalo; da Costa, Paulo J.; Pinto, Francisco; Romão, LuísaNonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a well characterized eukaryotic mRNA degradation pathway, responsible for the identification and degradation of transcripts harboring translation termination codons in premature contexts. Transcriptome-wide studies revealed that NMD is not only an mRNA surveillance pathway as initially thought, but is also a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism of gene expression, as it fine-tunes the transcript levels of many wild-type genes. Hence, NMD contributes to the regulation of many essential biological processes, including pathophysiological mechanisms. In this chapter we discuss the importance of NMD and of its regulation to organism development and its link to the cellular stress responses, like the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the integrated stress response (ISR). Additionally, we describe how tumor cells have explored both NMD functions to promote tumorigenesis. Using published data and databases, we have also performed a network-based approach that further supports the link between NMD and these (patho) physiological processes.
- Ribonucleases and nonsense-mediated decay (NMD): An unexpected role for DIS3L2 over human NMD targetsPublication . da Costa, Paulo J.; Saramago, Margarida; Viegas, Sandra C.; Arraiano, Cecília M.; Romão, LuísaBackground: The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway selectively degrades mRNAs carrying a premature translation-termination codon but also regulates the abundance of a large number of physiological RNAs that encode full-length proteins. In human cells, NMD-targeted mRNAs are degraded by endonucleolytic cleavage and exonucleolytic degradation from both 5’ and 3’ ends. This is done by a process not yet completely understood that recruits decapping and 5’-to-3’ exonuclease activities, as well as deadenylating and 3’-to-5’ exonuclease exosome activities. In yeast, DIS3/Rrp44 protein is the catalytic subunit of the exosome, but in humans, there are three known paralogues of this enzyme: DIS3, DIS3L1, and DIS3L2. However, DIS3L2 exoribonuclease activity is independent of the exosome. DIS3L1 and DIS3L2 exoribonucleases localize in the same compartment where NMD occurs, however nothing is known about their role in this process. In order to unveil the role of DIS3L2 in NMD, we performed its knockdown in HeLa cells and measured the mRNA levels of various natural NMD targets. Our results show that some NMD targets are highly stabilized in DIS3L2-depleted cells. In addition, mRNA half-life analysis indicated that these NMD targets are in fact direct DIS3L2 substrates. We also observed that DIS3L2-mediated decay depends on the activity of the terminal uridylyl transferases (TUTases) Zcchc6/11 (TUT7/4). Together, our findings establish the role of DIS3L2 and uridylation in NMD.
- The function of DIS3L2 in the mechanism of nonsense-mediated mRNA decayPublication . Garcia-Moreno, Juan; da Costa, Paulo J.; Menezes, Juliane; Saramago, Margarida; Viegas, Sandra C.; Arraiano, Cecília C.; Romão, LuísaIn the flow of information from DNA to mRNA to proteins, mRNAs undergo a number of processing steps, since they are synthesized in the nucleus, until they are translated in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells tightly control the fidelity of this process, via quality control pathways, among them, the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). NMD recognizes and degrades mRNAs harboring premature translation-termination codons (PTCs), protecting the cell from potentially harmful truncated proteins. However, NMD can also regulate normal and fully functional mRNA levels, arising as a surveillance and a gene expression regulation pathway. A new branch of the NMD pathway is starting to be revealed, which is characterized by the involvement of the DIS3L2 3’ to 5’ exoribonuclease. This protein has special relevance, given its exosome-independent action and its uridylation-mediated decay. In addition, mutations on this ribonuclease induce deregulation of cell-cycle genes leading to a faster cell growth and decreased chromosome stability, while DIS3L2 downregulation enhances cancer stem cell properties. Several lines of evidence point to an oncogenic role of DIS3L2 and its mediated decay over a number of NMD targets, however further research is needed to unveil the mechanism by which this nuclease is involved in NMD and how it mediates cancer related processes. In this work, we show the DIS3L2 involvement in the NMD target regulation, by its dependent action on the NMD central player, UPF1. We also aim to analyze how DIS3L2 and uridylation regulate the human transcriptome, in order to shed light on how this ribonuclease is related to NMD and how its deregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. For this purpose, high-throughput mRNA sequencing has been performed in the SW480 colorectal cancer cell line depleted of DIS3L2 or DIS3L2 plus terminal uridylyl transferases (TUTases), TUT4 and TUT7.
- The human mRNA decay machinery: an unexpected role for DIS3L2 over nonsense-mediated decay targetsPublication . da Costa, Paulo J.; Romão, Luísa; Carvalho, Margarida GamaThroughout its complex life, eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) go through several processes both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, from the moment they are transcribed until they are degraded. As during these process errors can occur, cells have several surveillance mechanisms that detect and degrade abnormal transcripts. Among these, we can find the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), which is a surveillance mechanism that detects and degrades mRNAs carrying a premature translationtermination codon (PTC). However, it is known that NMD also regulates the abundance of a large number of physiological RNAs that encode full-length proteins. In human cells, NMD-targeted mRNAs are degraded by endonucleolytic cleavage and exonucleolytic degradation from both 5’ and 3’ ends. This is done by a process not yet completely understood that recruits decapping and 5’-to-3’ exonuclease activities, as well as deadenylating and 3’-to-5’ exonuclease exosome activities. The main objective of this PhD project was to unveil the role of the eukaryotic ribonucleases in the translation-dependent mRNA surveillance mechanisms of NMD and non-stop decay (NSD), and in normal mRNA turnover, with special focus in NMD. In this thesis, we studied the role of the exosome-associated DIS3, DIS3L1 and PM/Scl100, the major cytoplasmic 5’-to-3’ exoribonuclease XRN1, the endoribonuclease SMG6, and the exosome-independent 3’-to-5’ exoribonuclease DIS3L2. With this aim in mind, we divided this work in 3 sections. In the first section, the research goal was to unveil the role of ribonucleases in the different mRNA decay mechanisms. For that, we knockeddown distinct ribonucleases (endo- and exo-) in HeLa cells. In addition, cells were transiently transfected with constructs containing different human β-globin variants. The β-globin variants used in this study includes: the wild-type β-globin gene (βWT), a β-globin gene with a nonsense mutation at codon 15 (β15), which is NMD-resistant, two NMD-sensitive variants with nonsense mutations at codon 26 or 39 (β26 and β39) and a NSD-sensitive (βNS) variant. Then, we assessed by Reverse-transcription coupled with quantitative Polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) the changes on the mRNA levels upon the different ribonucleases knockdown (KD). Our results show that in eukaryotic cells ribonucleases are not exclusive of any mRNA decay pathway. Also, we performed the ribonucleases KD and accessed by RT-qPCR the changes in the mRNA levels of several endogenous NMD targets. Our results point to a target specificity of ribonucleases in the regulation of NMD targets. Interestingly, we showed, for the first time, that DIS3L2 is implicated in the NMD targets degradation. In the second section, the research goal was to investigate how DIS3L2 functions in NMD. Here, we showed that DIS3L2 function in the same pathway as the canonical NMD factor UPF1. Moreover, we observed that DIS3L2 directly degrades several NMD targets independently of any other ribonuclease. Furthermore, the DIS3L2 degradation of NMD targets depends on the activity of the terminal uridyl transferases (TUTases) 4 and 7. Together, our findings establish a role for DIS3L2 and uridylation in NMD. In the third section, the research goal was to elucidate how DIS3L2 modulates the eukaryotic transcriptome. We performed a high-throughput total RNA sequencing in SW480 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line. Considering the results we obtained in the previous sections, we perform a single DIS3L2 KD and a triple DIS3L2+TUT4+TUT7 KD, in the SW480 CRC cell line. This will allow to unveil how DIS3L2 and uridylation by TUT4-TUT7 modulates the transcriptome in a CRC cell line context. Together this work shed light on how ribonucleases are involved in general mRNA turnover, NMD and NSD. Our results emphasize that eukaryotic ribonucleases are target specific rather than pathway specific. This work also shows, for the first time, the involvement of DIS3L2 in NMD and, consequently in the gene expression regulation of NMD targets. Also, our results set, for the first time, uridylation as a mechanism involved in NMD. Together, our data unveil (possibly) a new branch of the NMD pathway. Thus, we place DIS3L2 “on the tail” of NMD targets. Taking into account that NMD pathway is involved in the expression regulation of several genes involved in many diseases (e.g. cancer), understanding how DIS3L2 regulates a subset of NMD targets could unveil new ways to address these diseases.
- The Implication of mRNA degradation disorders on human dISease: focus on DIS3 and DIS3-Like enzymesPublication . Saramago, Margarida; da Costa, Paulo J.; Viegas, Sandra C.; Arraiano, Cecília M.RNA degradation is considered a critical posttranscriptional regulatory checkpoint, maintaining the correct functioning of organisms. When a specific RNA transcript is no longer required in the cell, it is signaled for degradation through a number of highly regulated steps. Ribonucleases (or simply RNases) are key enzymes involved in the control of RNA stability. These enzymes can perform the RNA degradation alone or cooperate with other proteins in RNA degradation complexes. Important findings over the last years have shed light into eukaryotic RNA degradation by members of the RNase II/RNB family of enzymes. DIS3 enzyme belongs to this family and represents one of the catalytic subunits of the multiprotein complex exosome. This RNase has a diverse range of functions, mainly within nuclear RNA metabolism. Humans encode two other DIS3-like enzymes: DIS3L (DIS3L1) and DIS3L2. DIS3L1 also acts in association with the exosome but is strictly cytoplasmic. In contrast, DIS3L2 acts independently of the exosome and shows a distinctive preference for uridylated RNAs. These enzymes have been shown to be involved in important cellular processes, such as mitotic control, and associated with human disorders like cancer. This review shows how the impairment of function of each of these enzymes is implicated in human disease.