Browsing by Author "Sam-Bento, Filomena"
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- Coleção de culturas de algas Estela Sousa e SilvaPublication . Menezes, Carina; Churro, Catarina; Paulino, Sérgio; Sam-Bento, Filomena; Alverca, Elsa; Dias, Elsa; Pereira, PauloA coleção de culturas de algas Estela Sousa e Silva (ESSACC) foi criada em 1956 e reside atualmente no Laboratório de Biologia e Ecotoxicologia no Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge. A ESSACC foi implementada em resposta à necessidade de um repositório de material biológico para investigação na área do fitoplâncton. Este importante recurso biológico contém culturas monoclonais de algas eucarióticas e cianobactérias provenientes de águas costeiras e albufeiras portuguesas. Atualmente, a coleção mantém acima de 176 isolados vivos, dos quais 151 são cianobactérias de água doce e 25 são dinoflagelados marinhos. Adicionalmente são também mantidos alguns isolados pertencentes a outros grupos de fitoflagelados. Esta coleção permitiu até agora a identificação e caracterização de espécies assim como a produção e purificação de toxinas para aplicação em estudos toxicológicos entre outras diversas áreas de investigação. Deste modo, a ESSACC constitui uma ferramenta importante no fornecimento de culturas de algas a investigadores na área do fitoplâncton, particularmente no estudo de espécies nocivas.
- Cytotoxic and morphological effects of microcystin-LR in in vitro models - a comparision between HepG2, Vero-E6, MDCK and CaCo-2 cell linesPublication . Menezes, Carina; Alverca, Elsa; Dias, Elsa; Sam-Bento, Filomena; Paulino, Sérgio; Pereira, PauloMicrocystin-LR (MCLR), a potent hepatotoxin, is transported selectively into the cells throught specific membrane polypeptides mostly present in the liver. These transporters are also expressed in the brain, kidneys and intestine, although the toxicity of MCLR in these cell types is still poorly understood. In this study, morphological, ultrastructural and biochemical analyses were performed in hepatic, renal and intestinal cell lines in order to evaluate the toxicity of MCLR obtained from semi-purified cyanobacterial extracts. Our results show that after 24h of exposure, MCLR induces the viability decrease of all cell lines, in a concentration-dependent manner. HepG2 cells are the most susceptible, followed by Vero, MDCK and CaCo-2. Ultrastructural analyses show that subcytotoxic concentrations of MCLR induce the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles, particularly in the HepG2 cell line. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that these vacuoles are enriched in LC3B protein, suggesting autophagy as an early cellular response of HepG2 and Vero cells to MCLR. At cytotoxic MCLR concentrations, lysossomal dysfunction in both cell lines occurs prior to mitochondrial disruption, as demonstrated by the specific labeling with Acridine Orange and Rhodamine-123. This suggests that besides mitochondria, lysossomes may also be an MCLR-early target. Immunolocalization and western blot analysis of the endoplasmic reticulum anti-apoptotic protein GRP94 show distinct MCLR-induced effects in Vero and HepG2 cells: re-localization of GRP94 within Vero cells and decrease of GRP94 expression in the HepG2 cell line. These results demonstrate that all the studied cell lines are susceptible to MCLR although with cell type specificity and differential organelle targeting.
- Efeitos de microcistina-LR em células HepG2, Vero, MDCK e CaCo2Publication . Menezes, Carina; Alverca, Elsa; Dias, Elsa; Sam-Bento, Filomena; Pereira, PauloA microcistina-LR (MCLR) é amplamente reconhecida pela sua hepatotoxicidade. No entanto sabe-se que também afecta outros orgãos tais como o cérebro, rins e intestinos. Este trabalho tem como objectivo comparar os efeitos tóxicos da exposição a uma gama de concentrações de MCLR pura e de extractos de cianobactérias em linhas celulares hepáticas, renais e de intestino, representativas dos orgãos de acumulação da MCLR, ao nível da viabilidade celular e ultrastrutura. As linhas celulares HepG2 (hepatoma), Vero-E6 e MDCK (renais) e CaCo2 (adenocarcinoma do cólon) foram expostas a 1-100 ìM de MCLR durante 24h e a viabilidade celular foi determinada através do teste do Neutral Red. Observou-se em todas as linhas celulares um decréscimo da viabilidade dependente da concentração de MCLR. Contudo, as células HepG2 mostraram uma maior sensibilidade, seguidas das células Vero e das células MDCK e CaCo2. A observação da ultrastrutura celular a concentrações citotóxicas de MCLR revelou a presença abundante de células apoptóticas nas quatro linhas celulares. A baixas concentrações de MCLR, as células HepG2 e Vero apresentaram numerosos vacúolos citoplasmáticos, com conteúdo electrodenso, indicativo de autofagia. Nas células Vero foram ainda visíveis alterações no retículo endoplasmático, o que sugere que ambos os organelos estão envolvidos num mecanismo de resposta celular a concentrações sub-citotóxicas de toxina. Em células MDCK os alvos intracelulares primários parecem ser o complexo de Golgi e as mitocôndrias, tal como em células CaCo2, ainda que neste caso os efeitos tóxicos sejam observáveis apenas a concentrações de MCLR mais elevadas. Os resultados deste estudo in vitro mostram que a MCLR induz efeitos mais pronunciados nas células de fígado tal como indicado pelos estudos in vivo. Para todas as linhas celulares estudadas a perda de viabilidade é dependente da concentração de MCLR apesar de o tipo celular parecer interferir na sensibilidade e alvos intracelulares da MCLR.
- Effects of bacillamide and newly synthesized derivatives on the growth of cyanobacteria and microalgae culturesPublication . Churro, Catarina; Alverca, Elsa; Sam-Bento, Filomena; Paulino, Sérgio; Figueira, Valdemar; Bento, Artur; PrabhaKar, Sundaresan; Lobo, Ana; Calado, António; Pereira, PauloThe antialgal activity of newly synthesized bacillamides against several cyanobacteria and microalgae isolates was screened using a rapid 96-well microplate bioassay. Cultures were exposed to serial dilutions of each bacillamide derivative (0–160 μg mL−1) in the microplate wells and daily optical measurements were used to estimate growth over a 216 h period. Inhibition values (%) were calculated from the estimated growth curves and inhibitory concentrations (IC50-216 h) were obtained from the sigmoidal inhibition curves fitted by regression analysis. The effects of bacillamides on cell morphology and ultrastructure were also analysed by light and transmission electron microscopy. In general, the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon gracile, Anabaena circinalis and Anabaenopsis circularis were much more sensitive to bacillamides then the chlorophytes Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Scenedesmus obliquus. However, clear signs of morphological and ultrastructural changes induced by bacillamide were observed on both cyanobacteria and chlorophytes. Other cyanobacteria, namely the nostocalean Nodularia spumigena and the oscillatorialeans Leptolyngbya sp. and Planktothrix rubescens, exhibit higher tolerances to bacillamides, similar to that shown by different eukaryotic microalgae. Diatoms, on the other hand, proved to be quite as sensitive to most bacillamides as the most affected cyanobacteria. The properties of 5-iodo-Bacillamide (algicide or algistatic) were further investigated. This compound acted as an algistactic agent against eukaryotic algae and, depending on its concentration, acted as either an algicide or algistactic agent against most of the cyanobacteria tested. Although bacillamides cannot be considered as broad spectrum cyanobacterial algicides, different bacillamides might be of use in selectively controlling the growth of particular species of cyanobacteria.
- Estudo comparativo da citotoxicidade e alterações citopatológicas induzidas pela microcistina-LR em linhas celulares renais e hepáticas (Vero e HepG2).Publication . Menezes, Carina; Alverca, Elsa; Dias, Elsa; Paulino, Sérgio; Sam-Bento, Filomena; Pereira, PauloMicrocystin-LR (MCLR) is a potent hepatotoxin produced by freshwater cyanobacteria, being responsible for acute and chronic hazards to animal and human health. Despite the increasing recognition of its toxic effects, the cellular basis of MCLR-induced toxicity is still poorly understood. In this work, morphological, ultrastructural and biochemical (MTT and Neutral Red-NR) analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of a semi-purified MCLR-containing cyanobacterial extract on Vero and HepG2 cell lines. Our results showed that cell viability decayed markedly after 24h of exposure to toxin concentrations greater than 25μg.ml-1 in both cell lines. The ultrastructural analysis revealed that at subcytotoxic MCLR doses, cells presented large cytoplasmic vacuoles, which were more prominent in HepG2. These vacuoles showed to be enriched in the LC3 protein, suggesting that autophagy is an early cellular response to MCLR. At higher doses, the specific staining Acridine Orange (AO) and Rhodamine-123 (Rh-123), demonstrated that lysosome destabilization precedes mitochondrial dysfunction. Besides, MCLR seemed to induce a decrease in the expression of the anti-apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum protein Grp94, particularly evident in HepG2 cells. These results suggest that MCLR-induced cytotoxicity involves a considerable crosstalk among several organelles and that despite some cell-specific features, the general cellular basis underlying this toxicity is common to both Vero and HepG2 cells.
- Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum and autophagy in microcystin-LR toxicity in Vero-E6 and HepG2 cell linesPublication . Menezes, Carina; Alverca, Elsa; Dias, Elsa; Sam-Bento, Filomena; Pereira, PauloThis work investigates the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and autophagy in microcystin-LR (MCLR) toxicity in Vero-E6 and HepG2 cell lines. Additionally, morphological alterations induced by MCLR in lysosomes and mitochondria were studied. Cytotoxicity evaluation showed that pure MCLR and MCLR from LMECYA110 extract induce concentration dependent viability decays after 24 h exposure. HepG2 cells showed an increased sensitivity to MCLR than Vero cells, with lower cytotoxic thresholds and EC50 values. Conversely, LC3B immunofluorescence showed that autophagy is triggered in both cell lines as a survival response to low MCLR concentrations. Furthermore, MCLR induced a MCLR concentration-dependent decrease of GRP94 expression in HepG2 cells while in Vero cells no alteration was observed. This suggests the involvement of the ER in HepG2 apoptosis elicited by MCLR, while in Vero cells ER destructuration could be a consequence of cytoskeleton inflicted damages. Additionally, in both cell lines, lysosomal destabilization preceded mitochondrial impairment which occurred at high toxin concentrations. Although not an early cellular target of MCLR, mitochondria appears to serve as central mediators of different signaling pathways elicited by the organelles involved in MCLR toxicity. As a result, kidney and hepatic cell lines exhibit cell type and dose-dependent mechanisms to overcome MCLR toxicity.
- The Estela Sousa e Silva Algal Culture Collection: a resource of biological and toxicological interestPublication . Paulino, Sérgio; Sam-Bento, Filomena; Churro, Catarina; Alverca, Elsa; Dias, Elsa; Valério, Elisabete; Pereira, PauloThe Estela Sousa e Silva Algal Culture Collection (ESSACC) is the legacy of nearly 40 years of the National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) scientific and public activity in marine and freshwater phytoplankton biology and toxicology. The living isolates maintained in the ESSACC are mostly represented by marine dinoflagellates and freshwater cyanobacteria strains isolated from bloom occurrences in Portugal. More than 170 isolates comprising the most frequently found species have been obtained from environmental samples and are successfully cultured at INSA facilities. Moreover, new isolates are continuously being added to the collection, following new detection of natural blooms. Although not intended to represent the entire range of taxonomical different species occurring in Portuguese environments, the ESSACC includes a wide array of geographical, morphological, physiological, and ecological relevant isolates. So far, laboratory up-scaled culturing has been put in place for several purposes, including the production of secondary metabolites, purification of toxins, detection of toxin producing strains by molecular methods, screening for cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of purified compounds, testing for antialgal activity of organic compounds, and evaluating the combining effects of environmental factors on biomass and toxin production. We are disseminating information about this collection since it is an important wide source of readily available and easy to manipulate biological material for research purposes within the scientific community.