DGH - Teses de doutoramento
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- The human mRNA decay machinery: an unexpected role for DIS3L2 over nonsense-mediated decay targetsPublication . da Costa, Paulo J.; Romão, Luísa; Carvalho, Margarida GamaThroughout its complex life, eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) go through several processes both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, from the moment they are transcribed until they are degraded. As during these process errors can occur, cells have several surveillance mechanisms that detect and degrade abnormal transcripts. Among these, we can find the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), which is a surveillance mechanism that detects and degrades mRNAs carrying a premature translationtermination codon (PTC). However, it is known that NMD also regulates the abundance of a large number of physiological RNAs that encode full-length proteins. In human cells, NMD-targeted mRNAs are degraded by endonucleolytic cleavage and exonucleolytic degradation from both 5’ and 3’ ends. This is done by a process not yet completely understood that recruits decapping and 5’-to-3’ exonuclease activities, as well as deadenylating and 3’-to-5’ exonuclease exosome activities. The main objective of this PhD project was to unveil the role of the eukaryotic ribonucleases in the translation-dependent mRNA surveillance mechanisms of NMD and non-stop decay (NSD), and in normal mRNA turnover, with special focus in NMD. In this thesis, we studied the role of the exosome-associated DIS3, DIS3L1 and PM/Scl100, the major cytoplasmic 5’-to-3’ exoribonuclease XRN1, the endoribonuclease SMG6, and the exosome-independent 3’-to-5’ exoribonuclease DIS3L2. With this aim in mind, we divided this work in 3 sections. In the first section, the research goal was to unveil the role of ribonucleases in the different mRNA decay mechanisms. For that, we knockeddown distinct ribonucleases (endo- and exo-) in HeLa cells. In addition, cells were transiently transfected with constructs containing different human β-globin variants. The β-globin variants used in this study includes: the wild-type β-globin gene (βWT), a β-globin gene with a nonsense mutation at codon 15 (β15), which is NMD-resistant, two NMD-sensitive variants with nonsense mutations at codon 26 or 39 (β26 and β39) and a NSD-sensitive (βNS) variant. Then, we assessed by Reverse-transcription coupled with quantitative Polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) the changes on the mRNA levels upon the different ribonucleases knockdown (KD). Our results show that in eukaryotic cells ribonucleases are not exclusive of any mRNA decay pathway. Also, we performed the ribonucleases KD and accessed by RT-qPCR the changes in the mRNA levels of several endogenous NMD targets. Our results point to a target specificity of ribonucleases in the regulation of NMD targets. Interestingly, we showed, for the first time, that DIS3L2 is implicated in the NMD targets degradation. In the second section, the research goal was to investigate how DIS3L2 functions in NMD. Here, we showed that DIS3L2 function in the same pathway as the canonical NMD factor UPF1. Moreover, we observed that DIS3L2 directly degrades several NMD targets independently of any other ribonuclease. Furthermore, the DIS3L2 degradation of NMD targets depends on the activity of the terminal uridyl transferases (TUTases) 4 and 7. Together, our findings establish a role for DIS3L2 and uridylation in NMD. In the third section, the research goal was to elucidate how DIS3L2 modulates the eukaryotic transcriptome. We performed a high-throughput total RNA sequencing in SW480 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line. Considering the results we obtained in the previous sections, we perform a single DIS3L2 KD and a triple DIS3L2+TUT4+TUT7 KD, in the SW480 CRC cell line. This will allow to unveil how DIS3L2 and uridylation by TUT4-TUT7 modulates the transcriptome in a CRC cell line context. Together this work shed light on how ribonucleases are involved in general mRNA turnover, NMD and NSD. Our results emphasize that eukaryotic ribonucleases are target specific rather than pathway specific. This work also shows, for the first time, the involvement of DIS3L2 in NMD and, consequently in the gene expression regulation of NMD targets. Also, our results set, for the first time, uridylation as a mechanism involved in NMD. Together, our data unveil (possibly) a new branch of the NMD pathway. Thus, we place DIS3L2 “on the tail” of NMD targets. Taking into account that NMD pathway is involved in the expression regulation of several genes involved in many diseases (e.g. cancer), understanding how DIS3L2 regulates a subset of NMD targets could unveil new ways to address these diseases.