INSA - Dissertações de mestrado
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- Assessing the pro inflammatory effects of bisphenol compounds using exposure relevant in vitro co culture modelsPublication . Pereira, Gonçalo Alexandre Candeia; Jordan, Peter; Rodrigues, CecíliaInflammation has reached epidemic proportions in industrialized countries, mainly due to unhealthy habits, poor diet, environmental pollution and other factors not yet understood. If uncontrolled or prolonged, inflammation can become chronic and contribute to the development of a number of human diseases, including autoimmune diseases, intestinal diseases and, in the worst cases, tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is one environmental factor contributing to inflammation, and recent studies have brought the bisphenol (BP) group of EDCs into the scientific spotlight. They have been strongly linked to various pathologies, including chronic inflammation, and their effect on human gut health is a hot topic in the scientific community. With this in mind, the aim of this work was proposed to analyze the effects of four bisphenols, BPA, BPS-MAE, BPAP and BPP, on intestinal barrier stress and associated pro-inflammatory effects. To achieve this, a co-culture system was optimized and established, consisting of an improved protocol of polarized Caco-2 epithelial cells seeded on PET insert filters in an apical compartment, together with THP-1 derived macrophages in a basolateral compartment. Subsequently, the effects of BPs exposure on barrier integrity, cellular stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine were tested in a wide range of concentrations (from 100 μM to 0.1 μM). Experimentally, we found that the model was capable of delivering BP-specific data on potential health effects. In terms of transepithelial resistance and epithelial stress, we were able to identify some clear trends that need to be consolidated with more independent experimental replicates. In particular, BPA was the least potent inducer of cellular stress responses and changes in epithelial polarization, whereas the BP analogues tested proved to be more disruptive than BPA, with BPP appearing to be the most potentially hazardous, followed by BPAP and then BPS-MAE. To access the inflammation-modulating effects of these compounds, we tested macrophages, either directly or as co-cultured cells, for expression of the pro-inflammatory marker IL-1β using a semiquantitative RT-PCR approach. An important optimization was their priming with IFN-γ to increase the sensitivity of the model and allow for more physiological relevance. Our observations showed that, once again, the BP analogues induced greater effects compared to BPA. BPP appeared to be the more potent inducer of inflammation, followed by BPS-MAE. Both showed elevated levels of the IL-1β marker at all concentrations tested. BPAP and BPA produced more attenuated effects, although significant at higher concentrations. In conclusion, this work has provided us with landmark results on these BPA analogues and their effects on gut health, adding new insights into the 'new generation' of emerging BPs and their potential adverse health effects.
- Impact of BCL-6 downregulation in the oncogenic properties of breast cancer cellsPublication . Jorge, João Miguel Dyson de Lima; Barros, Patrícia; Jordan, PeterBreast cancer (BC) incidence has risen over the past two decades, now being the second most prevalent cancer worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Despite advancements in BC treatment, challenges like acquired resistance, recurrence, and metastasis persist. BCL-6, a transcriptional repressor, plays a controversial role in BC development. It is overexpressed in approximately half of primary tumors across all subtypes, correlating with poorer patient prognosis. Conversely, its downregulation is linked to disease progression and metastasis, highlighting the critical need for a deeper understanding of BCL-6's dual role in BC pathogenesis. This study used RNA interference to explore the impact of BCL-6 depletion on the oncogenic progression of MCF-7 cells, a low-tumorigenic estrogen receptor-alpha-positive (ERα+) cell line. While BCL-6 is known to regulate mammary cell proliferation and differentiation, its depletion did not affect MCF-7 cell proliferation or viability but significantly reduced their individual and collective migratory properties. An RNA microarray analysis identified a set of genes upregulated following BCL-6 depletion, including S100A7, previously reported to inhibit MCF-7 cell migration and invasion in ERα+ BC cells. However, our findings showed that S100A7 downregulation alone did not affect MCF-7 migration. Moreover, simultaneous depletion of BCL-6 and S100A7 failed to restore MCF-7 cell migratory behavior. Our results suggest that increased expression of BCL-6 is linked to increased cell migration but is independent of S100A7 upregulation. Further studies are required to clarify the role of BCL-6 in BC, including disease progression.