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The relevance of effect biomarkers in human biomonitoring
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
A fundamental goal of environmental/occupational health policy is to reduce and, whenever
possible, prevent human exposure to chemical substances that may lead to mobility or mortality.
Human biomonitoring (HBM) allows the assessment of the levels of certain substances in the body,
through the analysis of biomarkers of exposure (chemical substances, metabolites) and it has been
considered as an extremely important tool in public health. A great strength of HBM is that it
provides unambiguous indication that both exposure and absorption have occurred. On the other
hand, measuring uniquely exposure biomarkers does not provide information on preclinical effects
that may allow establishing a link between exposure and health effects.
This work aims summarizing the most used biomarkers of effect and give evidence of the
importance of these biomarkers in HBM and public health protection, based on recently published
data. Briefly, these biomarkers consist of biochemical alterations in urine or blood, endocrine
changes, cytogenetic alterations [micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations, translocations, sister
chromatid exchanges and DNA repair] or interactions with macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and
proteins through the recent –omics technologies.
The inclusion of biomarkers of effect in HBM studies contributes to bridge the gap between
exposure and health effects, because they give information on early biological alterations before
the onset of disease. Given that these biomarkers reflect reversible alterations in the organism,
the effects detected are likely to be prevented, if exposure to the critical substance (or mixture of
substances) is reduced or ceased. Thus, the joint information gathered from biomarkers of
exposure and effect in HBM can be used to improve health risk assessment and reinforce the
scientific basis to implement preventive policies in occupational and environmental settings.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Human Biomonitoring Biomarkers of Effect Genotoxicidade Ambiental