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Social contact patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in 21 European countries - evidence from a two-year study

2023-04-26Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorWong, Kerry L.M.
dc.contributor.authorGimma, Amy
dc.contributor.authorColetti, Pietro
dc.contributor.authorPaolotti, Daniela
dc.contributor.authorTizzani, Michele
dc.contributor.authorCattuto, Ciro
dc.contributor.authorSchmidt, Andrea
dc.contributor.authorGredinger, Gerald
dc.contributor.authorStumpfl, Sophie
dc.contributor.authorBaruch, Joaquin
dc.contributor.authorMelillo, Tanya
dc.contributor.authorHudeckova, Henrieta
dc.contributor.authorZibolenova, Jana
dc.contributor.authorChladna, Zuzana
dc.contributor.authorRosinska, Magdalena
dc.contributor.authorNiedzwiedzka-Stadnik, Marta
dc.contributor.authorFischer, Krista
dc.contributor.authorVorobjov, Sigrid
dc.contributor.authorSõnajalg, Hanna
dc.contributor.authorAlthaus, Christian
dc.contributor.authorLow, Nicola
dc.contributor.authorReichmuth, Martina
dc.contributor.authorAuranen, Kari
dc.contributor.authorNurhonen, Markku
dc.contributor.authorPetrović, Goranka
dc.contributor.authorMakaric, Zvjezdana Lovric
dc.contributor.authorNamorado, Sónia
dc.contributor.authorCaetano, Constantino
dc.contributor.authorSantos, Ana João
dc.contributor.authorRöst, Gergely
dc.contributor.authorOroszi, Beatrix
dc.contributor.authorKarsai, Márton
dc.contributor.authorFafangel, Mario
dc.contributor.authorKlepac, Petra
dc.contributor.authorKranjec, Natalija
dc.contributor.authorVilaplana, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorCasabona, Jordi
dc.contributor.authorFaes, Christel
dc.contributor.authorBeutels, Philippe
dc.contributor.authorHens, Niel
dc.contributor.authorJaeger, Veronika K.
dc.contributor.authorKarch, Andre
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Helen
dc.contributor.authorJarvis, Christopher I.
dc.date.accessioned2023-10-11T14:25:25Z
dc.date.available2023-10-11T14:25:25Z
dc.date.issued2023-04-26
dc.descriptionCoMix Europe Working Group: Daniela Paolotti, Michele Tizzani, Ciro Cattuto, Andrea Schmidt, Gerald Gredinger, Sophie Stumpfl, Joaquin Baruch, Tanya Melillo, Henrieta Hudeckova, Jana Zibolenova, Zuzana Chladna, Magdalena Rosinska, Marta Niedzwiedzka-Stadnik, Krista Fischer, Sigrid Vorobjov, Hanna Sõnajalg, Christian Althaus, Nicola Low, Martina Reichmuth, Kari Auranen, Markku Nurhonen, Goranka Petrović, Zvjezdana Lovric Makaric, Sónia Namorado, Constantino Caetano, Ana João Santos, Gergely Röst, Beatrix Oroszi, Márton Karsai, Mario Fafangel, Petra Klepac, Natalija Kranjec, Cristina Vilaplana, Jordi Casabona.pt_PT
dc.descriptionSónia Namorado, Constantino Caetano, and Ana João Santos (Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Portugal).pt_PT
dc.description.abstractBackground: Most countries have enacted some restrictions to reduce social contacts to slow down disease transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic. For nearly two years, individuals likely also adopted new behaviours to avoid pathogen exposure based on personal circumstances. We aimed to understand the way in which different factors affect social contacts - a critical step to improving future pandemic responses. Methods: The analysis was based on repeated cross-sectional contact survey data collected in a standardized international study from 21 European countries between March 2020 and March 2022. We calculated the mean daily contacts reported using a clustered bootstrap by country and by settings (at home, at work, or in other settings). Where data were available, contact rates during the study period were compared with rates recorded prior to the pandemic. We fitted censored individual-level generalized additive mixed models to examine the effects of various factors on the number of social contacts. Results: The survey recorded 463,336 observations from 96,456 participants. In all countries where comparison data were available, contact rates over the previous two years were substantially lower than those seen prior to the pandemic (approximately from over 10 to < 5), predominantly due to fewer contacts outside the home. Government restrictions imposed immediate effect on contacts, and these effects lingered after the restrictions were lifted. Across countries, the relationships between national policy, individual perceptions, or personal circumstances determining contacts varied. Conclusions: Our study, coordinated at the regional level, provides important insights into the understanding of the factors associated with social contacts to support future infectious disease outbreak responses.pt_PT
dc.description.sponsorshipThe following funding sources are acknowledged as providing funding for the named authors. HPRU in Modelling & Health Economics (NIHR200908: KLMW); European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (EpiPose 101003688: AG, WJE); European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (TransMID 682540: CF, PB, NH) This research was partly funded by the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) project RECAP managed through RCUK and ESRC (ES/P010873/1: CIJ) NIHR (PR_OD_1017_20002: WJE) UK MRC (MC_PC_19065—Covid 19: Under standing the dynamics and drivers of the COVID-19 epidemic using real-time outbreak analytics: WJE). In Belgium, CoMix data collection in Belgium was made possible with fnancial support of Janssen Pharmaceuticals and the national public health institute of Belgium, Sciensano. In Germany, the COVIMOD project is funded by intramural funds of the Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, and of the Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometry and Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, as well as by funds provided by the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren e.V. via the HZEpiAdHoc "The Helmholtz Epidemiologic Response against the COVID-19 Pandemic" project, the Saxonian COVID-19 Research Consortium SaxoCOV (co-fnanced with tax funds on the basis of the budget passed by the Saxon state parliament), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the Network University Medicine (NUM) via the egePan Unimed project (funding code: 01KX2021) and the Deutsche Forschungsge meinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation, project number 458526380)pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationBMC Infect Dis. 2023 Apr 26;23(1):268. doi: 10.1186/s12879-023-08214-y.pt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1186/s12879-023-08214-ypt_PT
dc.identifier.issn1471-2334
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/8703
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherSpringer Nature/BMCpt_PT
dc.relationEpidemic intelligence to minimize 2019-nCoV’s public health, economic and social impact in Europe
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08214-ypt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectCOVID-19 Pandemicpt_PT
dc.subjectCOVID-19pt_PT
dc.subjectPhysical Distancingpt_PT
dc.subjectContact Surveypt_PT
dc.subjectSocial Contactspt_PT
dc.subjectSARS-CoV-2 Transmissionpt_PT
dc.subjectSocial Distancept_PT
dc.subjectObservação em Saúde e Vigilânciapt_PT
dc.subjectDeterminantes da Saúde e da Doençapt_PT
dc.subjectPandemia da COVID-19pt_PT
dc.titleSocial contact patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in 21 European countries - evidence from a two-year studypt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleEpidemic intelligence to minimize 2019-nCoV’s public health, economic and social impact in Europe
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/101003688/EU
oaire.citation.issue1pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage268pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleBMC Infectious Diseasespt_PT
oaire.citation.volume23pt_PT
oaire.fundingStreamH2020
person.familyNameNamorado
person.familyNameCaetano
person.familyNameCarvalho da Silva Santos
person.givenNameSónia
person.givenNameConstantino
person.givenNameAna João
person.identifier.ciencia-id5415-90E4-3D0E
person.identifier.ciencia-id7E12-E842-1216
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-7500-8811
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-6569-7772
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0556-5513
person.identifier.ridD-7168-2015
person.identifier.scopus-author-id14047182500
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
project.funder.nameEuropean Commission
rcaap.embargofctAcesso de acordo com política editorial da revista.pt_PT
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
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