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Abstract(s)
A resistência aos antibióticos é atualmente um problema de saúde pública a nível mundial. Este fenómeno envolve diversos mecanismos e espécies bacterianas, revelando-se de extrema importância a sua compreensão, através de investigação e vigilância, para evitar possíveis disseminações. Neste âmbito, este trabalho teve como principal objetivo a caracterização de mecanismos de resistência aos antibióticos em 139 estirpes bacterianas com três origens distintas: hospitais (Acinetobacter baumannii, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus capitis e Staphylococ-cus epidermidis), ambiente de instituições de cuidados continuados (Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Acinetobacter junii, Acinetobacter pittii, Klebsiella oxyto-ca, Micrococcus luteus, Pantoea spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas oryzihabi-tans, Pseudomonas putida, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, S. capitis, Staphylococcus capi-tis/caprae/warneri, S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis e Staphylococcus xylosos) e animais (S. aureus e Staphylococcus simiae). A realização de testes de suscetibilidade aos antibióticos (difusão em disco e E-teste) permitiu não só a identificação de estirpes com suscetibilidade diminuída às várias classes de antibióticos ensaiadas, mas também a orientação da pesquisa de genes de resistência por PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Procurou-se estudar a diversidade genética das es-tirpes de A. baumannii através da deteção de linhagens clonais com importância internacio-nal e MLST (Multilocus Sequence Typing). No caso particular de S. aureus, a tipagem dos genes spa e agr, assim como MLST, permitiram estabelecer relações genéticas entre estas estirpes. Por outro lado, o método de PFGE (Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis), utilizado para K. oxytoca, possibilitou a avaliação da clonalidade de uma estirpe ambiental em relação a estirpes de origem clínica. A maioria das estirpes coletadas em hospitais possuía um fenótipo de multirresistên-cia, ao contrário das estipes com origem nos lares e em animais. Aí se destaca a suscetibili-dade diminuída à ciprofloxacina e cefoxitina, esta última por expressão do gene mecA, em S. aureus e a suscetibilidade diminuída aos carbapenemes em A. baumannii e P. aerugino-sa, diminuindo as opções de tratamento disponíveis para infeções causadas por estas bactérias. Em A. baumannii foram encontrados os genes blaOXA-66 e blaOXA-23 e a sequência de inserção ISAba1. Em P. aeruginosa detetaram-se os genes blaGES-7-tipo, blaVEB-tipo, blaVIM-2 e blaVIM-11. A identificação do mesmo tipo de spa e ST em estirpes de S. aureus com origem humana e animal demonstra a possível disseminação entre estes dois reservatórios. A caracterização molecular permitiu ainda identificar uma eventual transferência de uma estirpe e/ou de determinantes de resistência entre S. capitis de um hospital e de um lar, situados na mesma área geográfica. Os lares e os animais, em paralelo com o Homem, poderão ser reservatórios de genes de resistência. Assim, é essencial um melhor conhecimento dos mecanismos de resistência e das vias de disseminação nestes reservatórios, para intervir e controlar a sua emergência e expansão.
Antibiotic resistance is currently a worldwide public health problem that can include diverse mechanisms and bacterial species. The understanding of such phenomena is essen-tial to avoid further dissemination, namely through research studies and monitoring. The main aim of this study was the characterization of antibiotic resistance mecha-nisms in 139 bacterial strains collected in three different origins: humans admitted to he-althcare facilities (Acinetobacter baumannii, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Pseudomonas ae-ruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus epidermidis), air samples from long term care facilities (Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Acinetobacter junii, Acinetobacter pittii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Micrococcus luteus, Pantoea spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Pseudomonas putida, Sphin-gomonas paucimobilis, S. capitis, Staphylococcus capitis/caprae/warneri, S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus xylosos) and animals (S. aureus and Staphylococcus simiae). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion and E-test allowed not only the identification of strains showing reduced susceptibility to several antibiotic classes, but also oriented the search for antibiotic resistance genes by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The genetic diversity of A. baumannii was studied using PCR detection of the main clonal lineages and MLST (Multilocus Sequence Typing). For S. aureus, besides MLST, spa and agr typing methods were also applied to evaluate genetic relatedness. PFGE (Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis) was used to evaluate clonality between K. oxytoca isolated from the air environment and other strains from clinical origin. The majority of the hospital acquired strains showed multidrug resistance, while strains from the environment of long term care facilities and animals were mainly susceptible. Among strains from human origin, reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and cefoxitin (the last one through expression of the mecA gene) was detected in S. aureus. It was also observed nonsusceptibility to carbapenems supported by the detection of blaOXA-66 and blaOXA-23 together with ISAba1 in A. baumannii, and blaGES-7-type, blaVEB-type, blaVIM-2 and blaVIM-11 genes in P. aeruginosa. These nonsusceptibility patterns constitute a source for concern because carbapenems constitute last resource antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. The identification of the same ST and spa types in S. aureus from humans and animals suggests a potential dissemination of strains between these two environments. Moreover, the molecular characterization of S. capitis strains from a hospital and a long term care facilitie within the same region indicates a putative phenomena of transference. Globally, long term care facilities and animal-harboring environments may act as complementary reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Thus, a better understanding of the antibiotic resistance mechanisms and dissemination pathways in other reservoirs than human is essential to control its emergence and spread.
Antibiotic resistance is currently a worldwide public health problem that can include diverse mechanisms and bacterial species. The understanding of such phenomena is essen-tial to avoid further dissemination, namely through research studies and monitoring. The main aim of this study was the characterization of antibiotic resistance mecha-nisms in 139 bacterial strains collected in three different origins: humans admitted to he-althcare facilities (Acinetobacter baumannii, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Pseudomonas ae-ruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus epidermidis), air samples from long term care facilities (Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Acinetobacter junii, Acinetobacter pittii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Micrococcus luteus, Pantoea spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Pseudomonas putida, Sphin-gomonas paucimobilis, S. capitis, Staphylococcus capitis/caprae/warneri, S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus xylosos) and animals (S. aureus and Staphylococcus simiae). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion and E-test allowed not only the identification of strains showing reduced susceptibility to several antibiotic classes, but also oriented the search for antibiotic resistance genes by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The genetic diversity of A. baumannii was studied using PCR detection of the main clonal lineages and MLST (Multilocus Sequence Typing). For S. aureus, besides MLST, spa and agr typing methods were also applied to evaluate genetic relatedness. PFGE (Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis) was used to evaluate clonality between K. oxytoca isolated from the air environment and other strains from clinical origin. The majority of the hospital acquired strains showed multidrug resistance, while strains from the environment of long term care facilities and animals were mainly susceptible. Among strains from human origin, reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and cefoxitin (the last one through expression of the mecA gene) was detected in S. aureus. It was also observed nonsusceptibility to carbapenems supported by the detection of blaOXA-66 and blaOXA-23 together with ISAba1 in A. baumannii, and blaGES-7-type, blaVEB-type, blaVIM-2 and blaVIM-11 genes in P. aeruginosa. These nonsusceptibility patterns constitute a source for concern because carbapenems constitute last resource antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. The identification of the same ST and spa types in S. aureus from humans and animals suggests a potential dissemination of strains between these two environments. Moreover, the molecular characterization of S. capitis strains from a hospital and a long term care facilitie within the same region indicates a putative phenomena of transference. Globally, long term care facilities and animal-harboring environments may act as complementary reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Thus, a better understanding of the antibiotic resistance mechanisms and dissemination pathways in other reservoirs than human is essential to control its emergence and spread.
Description
Trabalho de investigação desenvolvido no Laboratório Nacional de Referência da Resistência aos Antibióticos e Infeções Associadas aos Cuidados de Saúde, Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge.
Manuela Caniça - Laboratório Nacional de Referência da Resistência aos Antibióticos e Infeções Associadas aos Cuidados de Saúde, do Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge.
Maria Teresa Rebelo - Departamento de Biologia Animal, da Faculdade de Ciências, da Universidade de Lisboa.
Manuela Caniça - Laboratório Nacional de Referência da Resistência aos Antibióticos e Infeções Associadas aos Cuidados de Saúde, do Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge.
Maria Teresa Rebelo - Departamento de Biologia Animal, da Faculdade de Ciências, da Universidade de Lisboa.
Keywords
Multirressistência MRSA Carbapenemes Reservatórios Resistência aos Antimicrobianos Multidrug Resistance Carbapenems Reservoirs
