Epidemiology Research Unit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto

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Nutritional Characterization of Street Food in Urban Turkmenistan, Central Asia

Publication . Albuquerque, Gabriela; Sousa, Sofia; Lança de Morais, Inês; Gelormini, Marcello; Motta, Carla; Gonzales, Gerard Bryan; Ovezov, Azat; Damasceno, Albertino; Moreira, Pedro; Breda, João; Lunet, Nuno; Padrão, Patrícia

Objective: Describing the availability and nutritional composition of the most commonly available street foods in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Methods: One hundred sixty-one street food vending sites (six public markets) were assessed, through a collection of data on vending sites’ characteristics and food availability, and samples of commonly available foods (21 homemade; 11 industrial), for chemical analysis. Results: Fruit, beverages, and food other than fruit were available in 6.8, 29.2, and 91.9% of all vending sites, respectively. Regarding the latter, 52.7% of the vending sites sold only homemade products (main dishes, snacks, cakes, biscuits and pastries, bread, ice-cream chocolate and confectionery, savory pastries and sandwiches), 37.2% only industrial (ice-cream, chocolate and confectionery, cakes, biscuits and pastries, snacks, bread and savory pastries) and 10.1% both. Homemade foods presented significantly higher total fat [homemade 11.6 g (range 6.6–19.4 g); industrial 6.2 g (range 4.0–8.6 g), p = 0.001], monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and trans-fat, and sodium and potassium content per serving. Industrial wafers presented the highest mean saturated (11.8 g/serving) and trans-fat (2.32 g/serving) content. Homemade hamburgers presented the highest mean sodium content (1889 mg/serving). Conclusions: Strategies to encourage the production and sales of healthier street foods, especially homemade, are needed to promote healthier urban food environments in urban Turkmenistan.

2022-05-23Journal article

Open access

Patterns of Street Food Purchase in Cities From Central Asia

Publication . Sousa, Sofia; Lança de Morais, Inês; Albuquerque, Gabriela; Gelormini, Marcello; Casal, Susana; Pinho, Olívia; Motta, Carla; Damasceno, Albertino; Moreira, Pedro; Breda, João; Lunet, Nuno; Padrão, Patrícia

Street food makes a significant contribution to the diet of many dwellers in low- and middle-income countries and its trade is a well-developed activity in the central Asian region. However, data on its purchase and nutritional value is still scarce. This study aimed to describe street food purchasing patterns in central Asia, according to time and place of purchase. A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016/2017 in the main urban areas of four central Asian countries: Dushanbe (Tajikistan), Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) and Almaty (Kazakhstan). Street food markets (n = 34) and vending sites (n = 390) were selected by random and systematic sampling procedures. Data on the purchased foods and beverages were collected by direct observation. Time and geographic location of the purchases was registered, and their nutritional composition was estimated. A total of 714 customers, who bought 852 foods, were observed. Customers’ influx, buying rate and purchase of industrial food were higher in city centers compared to the outskirts (median: 4.0 vs. 2.0 customers/10min, p < 0.001; 5.0 vs. 2.0 food items/10min, p < 0.001; 36.2 vs. 28.7%, p = 0.004). Tea, coffee, bread and savory pastries were most frequently purchased in the early morning, bread, main dishes and savory pastries during lunchtime, and industrial products in the mid-morning and mid-afternoon periods. Energy and macronutrient density was highest at 11:00–12:00 and lowest at 09:00–10:00. Purchases were smaller but more energy-dense in city centers, and higher in saturated and trans-fat in the peripheries. This work provides an overview of the street food buying habits in these cities, which in turn reflect local food culture. These findings from the main urban areas of four low- and middle-income countries which are currently under nutrition transition can be useful when designing public health interventions customized to the specificities of these food environments and their customers.

2022-06-24Journal article

Open access

Unveiling the Toxicity of Fine and Nano-Sized Airborne Particles Generated from Industrial Thermal Spraying Processes in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Publication . Bessa, Maria João; Brandão, Fátima; Fokkens, Paul H.B.; Leseman, Daan L.A.C.; Boere, A. John F.; Cassee, Flemming R.; Salmatonidis, Apostolos; Viana, Mar; Monfort, Eliseo; Fraga, Sónia; Teixeira, João Paulo

High-energy industrial processes have been associated with particle release into workplace air that can adversely affect workers’ health. The present study assessed the toxicity of incidental fine (PGFP) and nanoparticles (PGNP) emitted from atmospheric plasma (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (WST-1) metabolisation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell cycle changes, histone H2AX phosphorylation (γ-H2AX) and DNA damage were evaluated in human alveolar epithelial cells at 24 h after exposure. Overall, HVOF particles were the most cytotoxic to human alveolar cells, with cell viability half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 20.18 µg/cm2 and 1.79 µg/cm2 for PGFP and PGNP, respectively. Only the highest tested concentration of APS-PGFP caused a slight decrease in cell viability. Particle uptake, cell cycle arrest at S + G2/M and γ-H2AX augmentation were observed after exposure to all tested particles. However, higher levels of γ-H2AX were found in cells exposed to APS-derived particles (~16%), while cells exposed to HVOF particles exhibited increased levels of oxidative damage (~17% tail intensity) and ROS (~184%). Accordingly, APS and HVOF particles seem to exert their genotoxic effects by different mechanisms, highlighting that the health risks of these process-generated particles at industrial settings should not be underestimated.

2022-04-13Journal article

Open access

Assessing the in vitro toxicity of engineered and airborne nanoceramics: contribution to the safe production and use of nanomaterials in the ceramic industry

Publication . Bessa, Maria João; Fraga, Sónia; Teixeira, João Paulo; Laffon, Blanca Lage

Advanced ceramic technologies have a strong potential for airborne (nano)particle formation and emission, meaning that workers of those industries are at great risk of exposure to these particles. However, toxicological data of these (nano)particles is lacking, particularly for airborne particles released within sectors such as the ceramic industry. To address this relevant topic, the present work aimed to assess the toxicity of occupationally relevant doses of industrially process-generated particles emitted during two industrial thermal spraying technologies [atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)], as well as of four engineered nanoparticles [ENP; tin oxide (SnO2), antimony-tin oxide (ATO; Sb2O3●SnO2), cerium oxide (CeO2) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2)] used as raw materials for ceramics manufacture. Two human respiratory in vitro systems, either conventional alveolar epithelial A549 cultures under submerged or air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions, or advanced three-dimensional (3D) upper airway epithelium (MucilAirTM) cultures at ALI were exposed to the selected particles. Major toxicity endpoints including plasma membrane integrity, metabolic activity, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and genotoxicity were assessed. Overall, the tested process-generated particles seem to be more toxic compared to the ENP, most likely due to their higher chemical complexity and composition [elevated levels of metallic elements like chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni)]. Among the two evaluated thermal spraying processes, particles derived from HVOF were more cytotoxic than those emitted from APS. Either fine (PGFP) and ultrafine (PGNP) particles from both spraying processes were able to induce measurable genotoxic effects. While APS particles lead to increased levels of histone 2AX (H2AX) phosphorylation, HVOF particles caused 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxo-G) oxidative DNA lesions. ENP were more toxic to human alveolar epithelial cultures when aerosolised than in liquid suspension, particularly ZrO2 NP. On the other hand, advanced MucilAirTM cultures, that better mimic in vivo physiological features, such as the mucociliary defence mechanisms, were quite resistant to both HVOF-derived particles and ENP aerosols. Thus, while 3D human upper airway epithelial cultures exhibited attenuated responses, the conventional A549 cultures were more sensitive to the studied (nano)particles.The present work highlights the hazard of industrially derived (nano)particles, either intentionally used or incidentally released into the workplace air during advanced ceramic processes. Importantly, particles’ physicochemical properties alongside the testing conditions (cell model and type of exposure) played a determinant role in the observed biological responses. These findings reinforce the importance of using physiologically relevant in vitro models in (nano)particle toxicity studies, for better data extrapolation to humans.

2022-07-01Doctoral thesis

Open access