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- Revealing mcr-1-positive ESBL-producing Escherichia coli strains among Enterobacteriaceae from food-producing animals (bovine, swine and poultry) and meat (bovine and swine), Portugal, 2010-2015Publication . Clemente, Lurdes; Manageiro, Vera; Correia, Ivone; Amaro, Ana; Albuquerque, Teresa; Themudo, Patrícia; Ferreira, Eugénia; Caniça, ManuelaWe screened 1840 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from food-producing animals, meat, meat products and animal feed, for the detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance, during 2010-2015. The mcr-1 gene was detected in 8.0% (97/1206) Escherichia coli and in 0.47% (3/634) Salmonella enterica isolates, with a high number of mcr-1 positive E. coli isolates (45.7%) being extended-spectrum β-lactamase or plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase co-producers. No mcr-2 gene was detected. Our findings highlight the spread of mcr-1 genes within a wide-ranging sample of food-producing animals and meat, in Portugal.
- Antibiotic resistance in foodborne bacteriaPublication . Caniça, Manuela; Manageiro, Vera; Abriouel, Hikmate; Moran-Gilad, Jacob; Franz, Charles M.A.P.Background: Antibiotic resistance, mainly due to imprudent use of antibiotics in agriculture, environment, animal and human medicine, has been widely recognized as one of the main global health concerns, threatening food security, and human and animal health, causing considerable economic losses. Scope and approach: We summarize the state of the art in antibiotic resistant foodborne bacteria and related reservoirs, some actions to overcome this threat, and the future perspectives in the field. Key findings and conclusions: Food and food production may be a vehicle of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes to humans that have a public health impact. Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, have the ability to form hybrid elements interplaying with or from the environment and foodborne bacteria. These genetic structures are able to encode for resistance for many antibiotics, namely those that are last resort treatments for patients infected with multidrug resistant bacteria. Information, education and training, surveillance, monitoring, record-keeping, reduction of infection, legislation, optimization and reduced antibiotic use, and sustainable investment for alternatives, are important actions to bring antibiotic resistant foodborne bacteria under control. Omics technologies such as genomics, metagenomics and transcriptomics, are valuable tools for surveillance and control of antibiotic resistance in different One Health settings, notably with respect to the selection, dissemination, and distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria in food, as well as to unravel the antibiotic resistance mechanism involved. In the future metatranscriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics are expected to enlarge next-generation-sequencing tools to strengthen control of antibiotic resistance in food.
- IncX4 plasmid carrying the new mcr-1.9 gene variant in a CTX-M-8-producing Escherichia coli isolate recovered from swinePublication . Manageiro, Vera; Clemente, Lurdes; Romão, Raquel; Silva, Catarina; Vieira, Luís; Ferreira, Eugénia; Caniça, ManuelaWe studied a commensal colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a swine cecum sample collected at a slaughter, in Portugal. Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotype of E. coli LV23529 showed resistance to colistin at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 mg/L. Whole genome of E. coli LV23529 was sequenced using a MiSeq system and the assembled contigs were analyzed for the presence of antibiotic resistance and plasmid replicon types using bioinformatics tools. We report a novel mcr-1 gene variant (mcr-1.9), carried by an IncX4 plasmid, where one-point mutation at nucleotide T1238C leads to Val413Ala substitution. The mcr-1.9 genetic context was characterized by an IS26 element upstream of the mcr-pap2 element and by the absence of ISApl1. Bioinformatic analysis also revealed genes conferring resistance to β-lactams, sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol and colistin, corresponding to the phenotype noticed. Moreover, we highlight the presence of mcr-1.9 plus blaCTX-M-8, a blaESBL gene rarely detected in Europe in isolates of animal origin; these two genes were located on different plasmids with 33,303 and 89,458 bp, respectively. MCR-1.9-harboring plasmid showed high identity to other X4-type mcr-1-harboring plasmids characterized worldwide, which strongly suggests that the presence of PMCR-encoding genes in food-producing animals, such as MCR-1.9, represent a potential threat to humans, as it is located in mobile genetic elements that have the potential to spread horizontally.