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- Prevalence of abdominal obesity in the Portuguese population assessed by different anthropometric indicesPublication . Santos, Maria; Sousa-Uva, Mafalda; Namorado, Sónia; Gonçalves, Teresa; Dias, Carlos Matias; Gaio, VâniaIntroduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. The association between abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk is well established. This study aimed to estimate and characterize the prevalence of abdominal obesity in the Portuguese population aged 25–74 years in 2015, using waist circumference, waist to- hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, and a body shape index. Methods: Data from the First National Health Examination Survey, a cross-sectional study, was used. Participants aged between 25 and 74 years, not pregnant, and with available data on anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference) were included. Individuals undergoing cancer treatment were excluded from the study. Results: Among 4812 participants the prevalence of abdominal obesity according to each considered anthropometric measure was 40.3 % (95 % CI: 38.0–42.5), 43.6 % (95 % CI: 40.1–47.0), 65.2 % (95 % CI: 62.8–67.5) and 75.5 % (95 % CI: 74.1–76.9) when considering waist circumference, a body shape index, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio, respectively. The most affected individuals had 60–74 years, with no formal education or only primary education and engaged in low-skilled occupations (e.g., farmers, industrial workers, and construction workers). These findings remained consistent, regardless of the index under consideration. Conclusion: The prevalence of abdominal obesity ranged from 40.3 % for waist circumference to 75.5 % for waist-to-height ratio. Nonetheless, irrespective of the index employed, the prevalence was elevated. Older individuals, with lower education levels, and those engaged in less skilled occupations were most affected. Early identification of abdominal obesity in Primary Healthcare is essential.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus and the gut microbiome: To look forward is to look within – A systematic review and narrative synthesisPublication . Oliveira, Daniel Guimarães; Machado, Alexandra; Lacerda, Pedro Castro; Karakikla-Mitsakou, Zoe; Vasconcelos, CarlosBackground: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease shaped by complex interactions involving genetic and environmental factors. Among these, the gut microbiome is emerging as potentially modulating immune responses and influencing disease susceptibility, progression, and activity. Objectives: To synthesize current evidence on gut microbiome changes in adult SLE patients, framed along the clinical pathway – from diagnosis to treatment – to help bridge bench and bedside for microbiome-informed SLE care and research. Methods: A systematic search identified primary research studies examining gut microbiota in adult SLE patients. Studies were reviewed in a stepwise manner by independent investigators. Findings were synthesized narratively, emphasizing human data. Results: SLE patients exhibit gut microbiome dysbiosis, with reduced microbial richness and altered bacterial taxa. A lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is frequently observed. Enrichment of specific taxa, such as Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcus gnavus, is reported. Dysbiosis correlates with increased gut permeability, immune activation, and autoreactivity. Clinical associations include disease activity, flares, nephritis, and other manifestations. SLE treatments, such as hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids, influence the microbiome. Emerging interventions such as dietary modulation and fecal microbiota transplantation show promise in early studies. However, considerable heterogeneity exists across studies in terms of patient characteristics, methodology, and taxa-level findings. Conclusions: The gut microbiome has multifaceted associations with SLE pathogenesis, disease activity, and therapeutic response. Translation will require standardized methods, functional validation, longitudinal followup, and clinical integration. While uncertainties remain, the gut microbiome is increasingly relevant, and clinicians caring for patients with SLE should be aware of its emerging implications.