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- Mapping the Quantitative Dose–Response Relationships Between Nutrients and Health Outcomes to Inform Food Risk–Benefit AssessmentPublication . Mateus, Gabriel; Ferreira-Pêgo, Cíntia; Assunção, RicardoIn the context of the global food system transformation towards sustainable and healthy diets, risk–benefit assessment supported by quantitative dose–response relationships between nutrients and health outcomes is crucial for evaluating the public health impact of dietary modifications, particularly those involving novel foods. The primary aim of this review was to establish a foundational basis for RBA by compiling and synthesising quantitative dose–response relationships identified through a comprehensive literature review. This review encompassed the last 15 years up to March 2025, utilising databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. This review prioritised recent meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised controlled trials with a low risk of bias, as assessed using the ROBIS tool. This review identified significant dose–response relationships across 12 nutrients and their associations with various health outcomes. While dietary fibre has demonstrated broad protective effects, cereal fibre has been found to be the most beneficial for colorectal cancer prevention. Calcium has been shown to have inverse associations with several cancers, although high dairy intake may increase the risk of prostate cancer. Haem iron was linked to an increased risk of several chronic diseases, whereas non-haem iron showed less consistent associations. Zinc exhibited a potential U-shaped relationship with colorectal cancer risk. These findings underscore the complexity of nutrient–health relationships, highlighting the importance of considering dose–response gradients and nutrient sources. Although this overview primarily summarises quantitative associations without exploring in-depth mechanistic or population-specific details, it underscores the complexity of nutrient effects, including nonlinearity and source dependency. This analysis offers a valuable foundation for future risk–benefit assessments of various food scenarios, thereby informing dietary recommendations and public health strategies.
- Environmental Water as a Source of Fungal InfectionsPublication . Brandão, JoãoObjectives: The emergence of Candida auris has drawn international attention within the Fungi community, particularly in the context of environmental and occupational health, water management, and research. Currently, wastewater analysis is not limited to COVID-19 investigation but also encompasses other microbial factors like C. auris and Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto. The World Health Organization (WHO) addressed fungal taxa in its 2021 recreational water quality management guidelines, recognizing their significance. To enhance human health protection, these guidelines recommend monitoring beach sand for both bacterial indicators of fecal pollution and all fungi as a reflection of contamination levels, indicating the potential exposure of beachgoers to these microorganisms. In 2022, WHO reinforced the need to monitor fungi in national and supranational regulations, introducing a watch list of fungi of interest. Furthermore, Europe updated its Drinking Water Directive and proposed, in a side document designed to help Member-states implement the revised directive (state-of-play) the monitoring of fungi in public buildings used by immunocompromised patients, including hospitals and nursing homes. The objective of this communication is to outline an overview of the current trends of fungal analysis in water environments. Methods: Overview on international policy regulating the presence of fungi in water environments (drinking water, wastewater, coastal and inland recreational water, beach sand). Results: Fungi are missing from all regulation except drinking water in Sweden thus far. The WHO Guidelines for recreational quality recommend looking into fungi, where of relevance, and always on sand. Wastewater and environmental surveillance global initiative (Glowacon) has included fungi in its pathogen list. Conclusions: The recent developments on and categorisation of fungi have paved the way for the inclusion of fungi in water quality regulation, whether for drinking or recreational or wastewater.