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- Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human healthPublication . Behr, Anne-Cathrin; Fæste, Christiane Kruse; Azqueta, Amaya; Tavares, Ana M.; Spyropoulou, Anastasia; Solhaug, Anita; Olsen, Ann-Karin; Vettorazzi, Ariane; Mertens, Birgit; Zegura, Bojana; Streel, Camille; Ndiaye, Dieynaba; Spilioti, Eliana; Dubreil, Estelle; Buratti, Franca Maria; Crudo, Francesco; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Snapkow, Igor; Teixeira, João Paulo; Rasinger, Josef D.; Sanders, Julie; Machera, Kyriaki; Ivanova, Lada; Gaté, Laurent; Le Hegarat, Ludovic; Novak, Matjaz; Smith, Nicola M.; Tait, Sabrina; Fraga, Sónia; Hager, Sonja; Marko, Doris; Braeuning, Albert; Louro, Henriqueta; Silva, Maria João; Dirven, Hubert; Dietrich, JessicaEnniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are cyclic hexadepsipeptide fungal metabolites which have demonstrated antibiotic, antimycotic, and insecticidal activities. The substantial toxic potentials of these mycotoxins are associated with their ionophoric molecular properties and relatively high lipophilicities. ENNs occur extensively in grain and grain-derived products and are considered a food safety issue by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The tolerable daily intake and maximum levels for ENNs in humans and animals remain unestablished due to key toxicological and toxicokinetic data gaps, preventing full risk assessment. Aiming to find critical data gaps impeding hazard characterization and risk evaluation, this review presents a comprehensive summary of the existing information from in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicokinetic characteristics and cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, endocrine, reproductive and developmental effects of the most prevalent ENN analogues (ENN A, A1, B, B1) and BEA. The missing information identified showed that additional studies on ENNs and BEA have to be performed before sufficient data for an in-depth hazard characterisation of these mycotoxins become available.
- Do (xeno)estrogens pose a risk to earthworms? Soy isoflavones and estradiol impact gonad structure and induce oxidative stress in Eisenia fetidaPublication . Azevedo, Tiago; Silva-Reis, Rita; Medeiros-Fonseca, Beatriz; Gonçalves, Mariana; Mendes, Gabriel; Roboredo, Marta; Rocha, Maria J.; Peixoto, Francisco; Pinto, Maria de Lurdes; Matos, Manuela; Sousa, João R.; Oliveira, Paula A.; Coimbra, Ana M.Understanding the impact of endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) across a wide range of species is crucial, given their ubiquitous presence. Although invertebrate species lack sex steroid hormone pathways, they exhibit sensitivity to EDCs, which could affect population dynamics. This study assessed reproductive endpoints and oxidative stress parameters in Eisenia fetida following exposure to estradiol and soy isoflavones, resembling the concentrations found in livestock manure. The experiment used artificial soil, as recommended by OECD guidelines (7:2:1 sand, kaolin and peat). Adult specimens were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 11/replicate): one control, three estradiol (156.1, 283.4 and 633.8 μg/kg of dry soil) and three soy isoflavones (113.0, 215.3 and 405.0 mg/kg of dry soil) concentrations. After eight weeks, samples were collected for cytological, histological and biochemical analysis. Offspring development was assessed after 12 additional weeks. Higher estradiol and isoflavone concentrations led to lower germ cell number and increased abnormalities, especially in the seminal vesicles and ovaries. Catalase and peroxidase activities were significantly increased in all treated groups. The exposure did not significantly affect the number of E. fetida offspring. These findings highlight E. fetida’s sensitivity to EDCs at a biochemical and tissue level, suggesting its use as a bioindicator for assessing EDC contamination in soils.
- Early Diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidoses in PediatricsPublication . Gaspar, Paulo; Neiva, Raquel; Silva, Lisbeth; Diogo, L.; Ferreira, A.; Miranda, A.; Ribeiro, S.; Antunes, D.; Garcia, P.; Rodrigues, E.; Campos, T.; Janeiro, P.; Lopes. Altina; Pereira, Cristina; Nogueira, Célia; Nogueira, C.; Sousa, S.; Ferreira, S.; Alves, S.; Teles, E.; Vilarinho, LauraIntroduction: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of Lysosomal Storage Disorders with multisystem involvement, presenting different degrees of severity and evolution. At early disease stages and late onset forms, diagnosis can be postponed for years or even missed. The FIND PROJECT was designed to claim awareness to the red flags of MPSs at pediatric age and to provide a useful tool for physicians to diagnose these pathologies, since most of them are amenable to enzyme replacement therapy. Methods: MPSs clinical suspicious were addressed by performing seven distinct enzymatic assays in dried blood spots, in order to understand whether any of those specific enzymes was deficient. For positive cases, the identification of glycosaminoglycans and the molecular study is carried out. Results/Case report: In the first eight years of the project, we have identified 12 patients (five MPS I; one MPS II; two MPS IIIB, one MPS IVA, two GM1 and one MPS VI) out of the 385 samples studied. In the majority of the patients identified, the age of diagnosis was less than 3 years of age, which is much lower when compared to the mean age of diagnosis of 6 years old, reported by Pinto et al, 2004. Conclusion: These results, shows that this project was successful also in its educational component, by raising the concern and awareness for these multisystemic pathologies that are linked to high morbidity.