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  • Oral Exposure to TiO2 and Cellulose Nanomaterials: review of hazard identification in the adverse outcome pathway landscape
    Publication . Rolo, Dora; Vital, Nádia; Silva, Maria Raquel; Louro, Henriqueta
    Several products in the global market have been improved using titanium dioxide nanomaterials (TiO2 NMs), and many other NMs under development, e.g., cellulose NMs(CNMs), with potential for use in agriculture, food, and feed industries. Despite being considered key enabling technologies, the exponential use of NMs in food technology leads to concerns about adverse health outcomes upon ingestion, such as potential genotoxicity and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to their bioaccumulation. The aim of this study, considering oral exposure to TiO2 NMs and CNMs as case studies, was to explore the knowledge about these NMs’ cellular and molecular mechanisms of action that may be central to their predicted adverse outcomes pathways at the GIT. For this purpose, literature reviews were setup to target the hazard of these NMs in the GIT context, directed to identify the molecular initiating event (MIE) and key events (KE) that mediate potential genotoxic and carcinogenic effects, thus contributing to Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOP) landscape. From the review of in vitro/in vivo studies, the suggested MIE involves the cellular uptake by intestinal cells and effects at lysosomal level. Several possible KE like inflammation, persistent cell injury/cell death, ROS generation, and DNA damage that may mediate the formation of adenomas/carcinomas were identified for TiO2 NMs; the information for CNMs is scarce. Some knowledge gaps were also identified, opening new avenues for more mechanistic research that will feed into AOPs.
    2022-09-24Conference object Restricted access Show more
  • Characterizing Antimicrobial Resistance in Clinically Relevant Bacteria Isolated at the Human/Animal/Environment Interface Using Whole-Genome Sequencing in Austria
    Publication . Cabal, Adriana; Rab, Gerhard; Daza-Prieto, Beatriz; Stöger, Anna; Peischl, Nadine; Chakeri, Ali; Mo, Solveig Sølverød; Bock, Harald; Fuchs, Klemens; Sucher, Jasmin; Rathammer, Krista; Hasenberger, Petra; Stadtbauer, Silke; Caniça, Manuela; Strauß, Peter; Allerberger, Franz; Wögerbauer, Markus; Ruppitsch, Werner
    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health issue attributed to the misuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. Since AMR surveillance requires a One Health approach, we sampled nine interconnected compartments at a hydrological open-air lab (HOAL) in Austria to obtain six bacterial species included in the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Whole genome sequencing-based typing included core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Genetic and phenotypic characterization of AMR was performed for all isolates. Eighty-nine clinically-relevant bacteria were obtained from eight compartments including 49 E. coli, 27 E. faecalis, 7 K. pneumoniae and 6 E. faecium. Clusters of isolates from the same species obtained in different sample collection dates were detected. Of the isolates, 29.2% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. E. coli and E. faecalis isolates from different compartments had acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) associated with veterinary drugs such as aminoglycosides and tetracyclines, some of which were carried in conjugative and mobilizable plasmids. Three multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates were found in samples from field drainage and wastewater. Early detection of ARGs and ARB in natural and farm-related environments can identify hotspots of AMR and help prevent its emergence and dissemination along the food/feed chain.
    2022-09-24Journal article Open access Show more