Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2022-08-04"
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- A Tiered Approach for Assessing Individual and Combined Risk of Pyrethroids Using Human Biomonitoring DataPublication . Tarazona, Jose; Cattaneo, Irene; Niemann, Lars; Pedraza-Diaz, Susana; González-Caballero, MCarmen; Alba-Gonzalez, Mercedes de; Cañas, Ana; Domínguez-Morueco, Noelia; Esteban, Marta; Castano, Argelia; Borges, Teresa; Katsonouri, Andromachi; Makris, Konstantinos C.; Ottenbros, Ilse; Mol, Hans; De Decker, Annelies; Morrens, Bert; Berman, Tamar; Barnett-Itzhaki, Zohar; Probst-Hensch, Nicole; Fuhrimann, Samuel; Snoj Tratnik, Janja; Horvat, Milena; RAMBAUD, Loic; RIOU, Margaux; Schoeters, Greta; Govarts, Eva; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Weber, Till; Apel, Petra; Namorado, Sónia; Santonen, TiinaPyrethroids are a major insecticide class, suitable for biomonitoring in humans. Due to similarities in structure and metabolic pathways, urinary metabolites are common to various active substances. A tiered approach is proposed for risk assessment. Tier I was a conservative screening for overall pyrethroid exposure, based on phenoxybenzoic acid metabolites. Subsequently, probabilistic approaches and more specific metabolites were used for refining the risk estimates. Exposure was based on 95th percentiles from HBM4EU aligned studies (2014–2021) covering children in Belgium, Cyprus, France, Israel, Slovenia, and The Netherlands and adults in France, Germany, Israel, and Switzerland. In all children populations, the 95th percentiles for 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) exceeded the screening value. The probabilistic refinement quantified the risk level of the most exposed population (Belgium) at 2% or between 1–0.1% depending on the assumptions. In the substance specific assessments, the 95th percentiles of urinary concentrations in the aligned studies were well below the respective human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs). Both information sets were combined for refining the combined risk. Overall, the HBM data suggest a low health concern, at population level, related to pyrethroid exposure for the populations covered by the studies, even though a potential risk for highly exposed children cannot be completely excluded. The proposed tiered approach, including a screening step and several refinement options, seems to be a promising tool of scientific and regulatory value in future.
- Climatic and Physiographic Variables to Evaluate Culex pipiens s.l. Risk and HabitatPublication . Proença, M. da Conceição; Alves, Maria João; Rebelo, M.T.Using a geographic information system (GIS), the relations between a georeferenced data set of Culex pipiens s.l . collected in Portugal mainland during seven years (2006-2012) and meteorological and physiographic parameters are evaluated. This work is one of the results of a long-term surveillance program of pernicious insects that act as vectors of various diseases; its focus is on the possibility of prevention that can be achieved with abundance data. The focus on Culex pipiens is justified by its abundance and its competence as a vector for numerous health issues. The cumulative distribution of monthly captures by each meteorological parameter allows to compute thresholds corresponding to mosquito massive presence related to 90% of the captures. Using the weather parameters measured in the network of weather stations across the country, a monthly average of each parameter of interest (temperature, humidity, etc.) is computed and an interpolation of the results is made to produce raster maps corresponding to each month. The previously obtained thresholds are applied to each map, producing spatial masks with the relevant zones for each parameter. The intersection of the various masks for each month shows the most densely populated area of Culex, and the ensemble allows us to observe the evolution of mosquito presence through the critical season, which is from May to October at these latitudes. In parallel, mosquito abundance data are related to physiographic parameters. The relative distribution of female mosquitoes across land cover types in each month allows identifying which classes and seasons are most relevant. Orthometric altitude related to the presence of 90% of the catches shows the limits reached by mosquitoes in each month. The results are applied to the previously obtained climate envelopes, delimiting critical areas where the level of risk of transmission of the pathogens for which Culex pipiens is a competent vector is high and countermeasures should be concentrated, allowing its planning, and targeting on a monthly basis. The described procedure can be used with other relevant vectors in any region of the world, whenever abundance data is available.