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- Environmental and Adaptive Changes Necessitate a Paradigm Shift for Indicators of Fecal ContaminationPublication . Teixeira, Pedro; Salvador, Daniel; Brandão, João; Ahmed, Warish; Sadowsky, Michael J.; Valério, ElisabeteChanges in the occurrence, distribution, and seasonal variation of waterborne pathogens due to global climate change may increase the risk of human exposure to these microorganisms, thus heightening the need for more reliable surveillance systems. Routine monitoring of drinking water supplies and recreational waters is performed using fecal indicator microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and coliphages. However, the presence and numbers of these indicators, especially E. coli and Enterococcus spp., do not correlate well with those of other pathogens, especially enteric viruses, which are a major cause of waterborne outbreaks associated with contaminated water and food, and recreational use of lakes, ponds, rivers, and estuarine waters. For that reason, there is a growing need for a surveillance system that can detect and quantify viral pathogens directly in water sources to reduce transmission of pathogens associated with fecal transmission. In this review, we present an updated overview of relevant waterborne enteric viruses that we believe should be more commonly screened to better evaluate water quality and to determine the safety of water use and reuse and of epidemiological data on viral outbreaks. We also discuss current methodologies that are available to detect and quantify these viruses in water resources. Finally, we highlight challenges associated with virus monitoring. The information presented in this review is intended to aid in the assessment of human health risks due to contact with water sources, especially since current environmental and adaptive changes may be creating the need for a paradigm shift for indicators of fecal contamination.
- The Usefulness of Human Biomonitoring in the Case of Mycotoxins Exposure AssessmentPublication . Viegas, Susana; Martins, CarlaHuman Biomonitoring (HBM) has been identified as a promising tool to assess the exposure to contaminants from different origins, providing information of aggregated exposures from different routes and contributing to the establishment of the total body burden of an individual. Mycotoxins are fungi metabolites produced by specific fungal genera that can resist to adverse environmental factors making difficult to eliminate or inactivate from the source even after being exposed to culinary processes. Therefore, the most common exposure source is the diet but exposure in indoor and occupational environments have already been reported. This article highlights the usefulness of HBM when performing mycotoxins exposure assessment and the support that HBM data can give to risk management measures and policy actions in order to reduce exposure.
- Mycotoxins as Endocrine Disruptors – An Emerging ThreatPublication . Martins, Carla; Vidal, Arnau; De Boevre, M.; Assunção, R.Zearalenone and alternariol are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium and Alternaria species, respectively, that present estrogenic activity and are considered endocrine disruptors. These mycotoxins are present in a variety of food commodities and the human exposure could be of concern due to the associated health effects. This article intends to gather and systematize key information regarding these mycotoxins considered EDCs.