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- Validation of a high performance chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of sweeteners, preservatives and alkaloids in foodstuffsPublication . Costa, João; Veiga, Cláudia; Serra, Celeste; Vasco, ElsaIntroduction: Artificial sweeteners are substances of low caloric value, used as food additives to give a sweet taste to foodstuffs, reducing the energy supplied by them. The increase of sugar consumption is related with two severe health problems: diabetes and obesity. Artificial sweeteners are present in soft drinks, special nutritional products and tabletop intense sweeteners, among others. Food preservatives such as benzoic and sorbic acids are commonly used in food industry and are present in a wide variety of foodstuff. Caffeine and theobromine are natural alkaloids found in tea leaves, coffee and cacao seeds and, therefore, in the food and beverages made from them, where sometimes food additives are used too. These alkaloids possess properties such as stimulate the central nervous system, induce gastric secretions and act as a diuretic.The growing consumption of processed foods leads to an increase in the intake of these substances therefore, the assessment of their occurrence is essential to ensure the consumers safety. In order to obtain consistent, reliable and accurate data it is important to use validated methods. Only in this way, obtained occurrence results could be used in exposure studies to evaluate the intake of these substances by Portuguese population. Aim: This study aimed to perform the validation of an HPLC method with UV detection based on EN12856 for simultaneous determination of acesulfame K, saccharin, aspartame, sorbic and benzoic acid, caffeine and theobromine in different food matrices.
- Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysisPublication . Cassini, Alessandro; Högberg, Liselotte Diaz; Plachouras, Diamantis; Quattrocchi, Annalisa; Hoxha, Ana; Simonsen, Gunnar Skov; Colomb-Cotinat, Mélanie; Kretzschmar, Mirjam E.; Devleesschauwer, Brecht; Cecchini, Michele; Ouakrim, Driss Ait; Oliveira, Tiago Cravo; Struelens, Marc J.; Suetens, Carl; Monnet, Dominique L.; Strauss, Reinhild; Mertens, Karl; Struyf, Thomas; Catry, Boudewijn; Latour, Katrien; Ivanov, Ivan N.; Dobreva, Elina G.; Tambic Andraševic, Arjana; Soprek, Silvija; Budimir, Ana; Paphitou, Niki; Žemlicková, Helena; Schytte Olsen, Stefan; Wolff Sönksen, Ute; Märtin, Pille; Ivanova, Marina; Lyytikäinen, Outi; Jalava, Jari; Coignard, Bruno; Eckmanns, Tim; Abu Sin, Muna; Haller, Sebastian; Daikos, George L.; Gikas, Achilleas; Tsiodras, Sotirios; Kontopidou, Flora; Tóth, Ákos; Hajdu, Ágnes; Guólaugsson, Ólafur; Kristinsson, Karl G.; Murchan, Stephen; Burns, Karen; Pezzotti, Patrizio; Gagliotti, Carlo; Dumpis, Uga; Liuimiene, Agne; Perrin, Monique; Borg, Michael A.; de Greeff, Sabine C.; Monen, Jos C.M.; Koek, Mayke B.G.; Elstrøm, Petter; Zabicka, Dorota; Deptula, Aleksander; Hryniewicz, Waleria; Caniça, Manuela; Nogueira, Paulo Jorge; Fernandes, Paulo André; Manageiro, Vera; Popescu, Gabriel A.; Serban, Roxana I.; Schréterová, Eva; Litvová, Slavka; Štefkovicová, Mária; Kolman, Jana; Klavs, Irena; Korošec, Aleš; Aracil, Belén; Asensio, Angel; Pérez-Vázquez, María; Billström, Hanna; Larsson, Sofie; Reilly, Jacqui S.; Johnson, Alan; Hopkins, SusanBackground: Infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening modern health care. However, estimating their incidence, complications, and attributable mortality is challenging. We aimed to estimate the burden of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health concern in countries of the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) in 2015, measured in number of cases, attributable deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Methods: We estimated the incidence of infections with 16 antibiotic resistance–bacterium combinations from European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2015 data that was country-corrected for population coverage. We multiplied the number of bloodstream infections (BSIs) by a conversion factor derived from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control point prevalence survey of health-care-associated infections in European acute care hospitals in 2011–12 to estimate the number of non-BSIs. We developed disease outcome models for five types of infection on the basis of systematic reviews of the literature. Findings: From EARS-Net data collected between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2015, we estimated 671 689 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 583 148–763 966) infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, of which 63·5% (426 277 of 671 689) were associated with health care. These infections accounted for an estimated 33 110 (28 480–38 430) attributable deaths and 874 541 (768 837–989 068) DALYs. The burden for the EU and EEA was highest in infants (aged <1 year) and people aged 65 years or older, had increased since 2007, and was highest in Italy and Greece. Interpretation: Our results present the health burden of five types of infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria expressed, for the first time, in DALYs. The estimated burden of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and EEA is substantial compared with that of other infectious diseases, and has increased since 2007. Our burden estimates provide useful information for public health decision-makers prioritising interventions for infectious diseases.