Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2017-07-21"
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- Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: Western EuropePublication . Laranjo-González, Minerva; Devleesschauwer, Brecht; Trevisan, Chiara; Allepuz, Alberto; Sotiraki, Smaragda; Abraham, Annette; Afonso, Mariana Boaventura; Blocher, Joachim; Cardoso, Luís; Correia da Costa, José Manuel; Dorny, Pierre; Gabriël, Sarah; Gomes, Jacinto; Gómez-Morales, María Ángeles; Jokelainen, Pikka; Kaminski, Miriam; Krt, Brane; Magnussen, Pascal; Robertson, Lucy J.; Schmidt, Veronika; Schmutzhard, Erich; Smit, G Suzanne A.; Šoba, Barbara; Stensvold, Christen Rune; Starič, Jože; Troell, Karin; Rataj, Aleksandra Vergles; Vieira-Pinto, Madalena; Vilhena, Manuela; Wardrop, Nicola Ann; Winkler, Andrea S.; Dermauw, VeroniqueBackground: Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are zoonotic parasites of public health importance. Data on their occurrence in humans and animals in western Europe are incomplete and fragmented. In this study, we aimed to update the current knowledge on the epidemiology of these parasites in this region. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of scientific and grey literature published from 1990 to 2015 on the epidemiology of T. saginata and T. solium in humans and animals. Additionally, data about disease occurrence were actively sought by contacting local experts in the different countries. Results: Taeniosis cases were found in twelve out of eighteen countries in western Europe. No cases were identified in Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. For Denmark, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and the UK, annual taeniosis cases were reported and the number of detected cases per year ranged between 1 and 114. Detected prevalences ranged from 0.05 to 0.27%, whereas estimated prevalences ranged from 0.02 to 0.67%. Most taeniosis cases were reported as Taenia spp. or T. saginata, although T. solium was reported in Denmark, France, Italy, Spain, Slovenia, Portugal and the UK. Human cysticercosis cases were reported in all western European countries except for Iceland, with the highest number originating from Portugal and Spain. Most human cysticercosis cases were suspected to have acquired the infection outside western Europe. Cases of T. solium in pigs were found in Austria and Portugal, but only the two cases from Portugal were confirmed with molecular methods. Germany, Spain and Slovenia reported porcine cysticercosis, but made no Taenia species distinction. Bovine cysticercosis was detected in all countries except for Iceland, with a prevalence based on meat inspection of 0.0002–7.82%. Conclusions: Detection and reporting of taeniosis in western Europe should be improved. The existence of T. solium tapeworm carriers, of suspected autochthonous cases of human cysticercosis and the lack of confirmation of porcine cysticercosis cases deserve further attention. Suspected cases of T. solium in pigs should be confirmed by molecular methods. Both taeniosis and human cysticercosis should be notifiable and surveillance in animals should be improved.
- Children exposure to multiple mycotoxins through food consumption: a holistic approach for risk assessmentPublication . Assunção, Ricardo; Alvito, Paula; Vasco, Elsa; Duarte, ElsaFood ingestion is considered a major route of human exposure to chemical contaminants, namely mycotoxins. Considering their toxic and carcinogenic effects, mycotoxins exposure assessment assumes particular importance, especially when vulnerable populations as children, are involved. Although there are increasing evidences of mycotoxins co-contamination in food, scarce data are available concerning children exposure to multiple mycotoxins, their bioaccessibility and the potential toxic effects resulting from intestinal exposure. Addressing these considerations, this thesis main objectives were: to characterize Portuguese children (under 3 years old) exposure to multiple mycotoxins through food consumption; to determine mycotoxins bioaccessibility in foods usually consumed by children; to evaluate intestinal toxic effects associated to mycotoxins exposure; and, to characterize the risk associated to the consumption of foods, considering data from exposure assessment, bioaccessibility and intestinal toxicity assays. The present thesis applied for the first time a holistic approach, gathering results obtained through different first-line methodologies, comprising probabilistic tools to estimate mycotoxins daily intake and in vitro assays to determine bioaccessibility and toxic effects. Results revealed a potential health concern for aflatoxins exposure with regard to the high percentiles of children intake. For the first time, a potential synergism was described relatively to the combined intestinal toxic effects of patulin and ochratoxin A, two known enterotoxins. The obtained results reinforce the importance to use a holistic approach to multiple mycotoxins risk assessment, especially for vulnerable populations as children. Particular attention should be dedicated to evaluate the consequences of intestinal exposure to mycotoxins, in particular to their impact on the development of intestinal diseases.
- Gene expression regulation by upstream open reading frames in rare diseasesPublication . Silva, Joana; Fernandes, Rafael; Romão, LuísaUpstream open reading frames (uORFs) constitute a class of cis-acting elements that regulate translation initiation. Mutations or polymorphisms that alter, create or disrupt a uORF have been widely associated with several human disorders, including rare diseases. In this mini-review, we intend to highlight the mechanisms associated with the uORF-mediated translational regulation and describe recent examples of their deregulation in the etiology of human rare diseases. Additionally, we discuss new insights arising from ribosome profiling studies and reporter assays regarding uORF features and their intrinsic role in translational regulation. This type of knowledge is of most importance to design and implement new or improved diagnostic and/or treatment strategies for uORF-related human disorders.
- Quality Management Framework for Total Diet Study centres in EuropePublication . Pité, Marina; Pinchen, Hannah; Castanheira, Isabel; Oliveira, Luisa; Roe, Mark; Ruprich, Jiri; Rehurkova, Irena; Sirot, Veronique; Papadopoulos, Alexandra; Gunnlaugsdóttir, Helga; Reykdal, Ólafur; Oliver, Lindtner; Ritvanen, Tiina; Finglas, P.A Quality Management Framework to improve quality and harmonization of Total Diet Study practices in Europe was developed within the TDS-Exposure Project. Seventeen processes were identified and hazards, Critical Control Points and associated preventive and corrective measures described. The Total Diet Study process was summarized in a flowchart divided into planning and practical (sample collection, preparation and analysis; risk assessment analysis and publication) phases. Standard Operating Procedures were developed and implemented in pilot studies in five organizations. The flowchart was used to develop a quality framework for Total Diet Studies that could be included in formal quality management systems. Pilot studies operated by four project partners were visited by project assessors who reviewed implementation of the proposed framework and identified areas that could be improved. The quality framework developed can be the starting point for any Total Diet Study centre and can be used within existing formal quality management approaches.