Browsing by Author "Giambanelli, E."
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- Comparison of leafy kale populations for their bioactive compound content: phenolics, glucosinolates, carotenoids, and chlorophyllsPublication . Ferioli, F.; Giambanelli, E.; D'Antuono, L.F.; Costa, H.S.; Albuquerque, T.G.; Sanches-Silva, A.; Hayran, O.; Koçaoglu, B.Introduction. Kales represent leafy forms and primitive types of Brassica oleracea L. They are traditional crops of several European areas (Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Turkey), rooted in local farming and food systems, and employed in the preparation of traditional dishes. Owing to similar aspects in their utilisation, kales appear a proper subject for a cross-country comparison. Furthermore, kales have gained increased attention due to their high content of healthy phytochemicals such as carotenoids, glucosinolates (GLS) and phenolics. The present investigation is aimed to compare different kale populations, either from local sources or cultivated in a common environment, for their bioactive amounts. Materials and methods. 25 kale samples were sampled from Italian, Portuguese, and Turkish local crops or markets. For the experimental trial, 15 kale seed samples were obtained from local seed companies or farmers, and planted in nursery. The plants were transplanted in a field located in Cesena (Italy). After freeze-drying, bioactives were extracted by proper solvent systems, quantified by HPLC, and identified by HPLC-mass spectrometry or standard compounds. Results. Total phenolics, GLS, carotenoids (lutein and beta-carotene), and chlorophylls were in the range 8310-38110, 755-8580, 135-2354, and 1740-16924 mg kg-1 d.m., respectively. Growing environment did not consistently influence phenolic content. Both local and experimental Portuguese samples showed higher phenolic levels in comparison to those determined in Italian and Turkish kales. A high variability was noticed within local populations. Even in case of GLS, a remarkable variability was assessed in local populations and higher amounts of these bioactives were determined in Portuguese kales in comparison to Italian and Turkish samples. Aliphatic GLS accounted for 60 and 40% of total GLS in experimental and local Portuguese kales, respectively, whereas indolic GLS were mainly quantified in Italian and Turkish populations. Local samples showed a total GLS amount about twice higher in comparison to experimental populations having the same geographical origin. On the contrary, pigments were significantly more abundant in experimental samples in comparison to local kales, owing to the higher soil fertility level. Conclusions. The first cross-country comparison of local kale types has been carried out as regards phytochemical amounts. Geographical origin and growing environment appeared as significant factors in determining bioactive levels in leafy kales and then nutritional and sensorial attributes of plants.
- Comparison of leafy kale populations from Italy, Portugal, and Turkey for their bioactive compound content: phenolics, glucosinolates, carotenoids, and chlorophyllsPublication . Ferioli, F.; Giambanelli, E.; D'Antuono, L.F.; Costa, H.S.; Albuquerque, T.G.; Sanches-Silva, A.; Hayran, O.; Koçaoglu, B.BACKGROUND: Kales are primitive leafy Brassica oleracea L. forms, widespread in local farming systems of several European countries and employed in the preparation of traditional recipes. Kales are also potential sources of healthy bioactive phytochemical components. The present study compared the bioactive compound content of kale populations from Italy, Portugal, and Turkey, either from local sources or grown in an experimental field. RESULTS: Total phenolics, glucosinolates (GLS), carotenoids, and chlorophylls were in the ranges 8310–38 110, 755–8580, 135–2354, and 1740–16 924 mg kg−1 dry matter, respectively. On average, locally harvested samples showed a total GLS content about twice as high as populations from the experiment. Conversely, pigments were significantly more abundant in experimental than in local kales, owing to the higher soil fertility. Portuguese samples showed higher phenolic and GLS amounts than Italian and Turkish kales, whereas some of the Italian samples were the richest in carotenoids. CONCLUSION: This paper represented the first cross-country comparison of local kale accessions with respect to bioactive compound amounts. Both geographic origin and growing environment appeared to be remarkable and discriminating factors in determining bioactive levels in leafy kales, with possible effects on their health-promoting and sensorial attributes.
- South European Brassica oleracea leafy types: traditional foods and uses in a cross-country, intercultural perspectivePublication . D'Antuono, L.F.; Giambanelli, E.; Costa, H.S.; Sanches-Silva, A.; Albuquerque, T.G.; Koçaoglu, B.; Hayran, O.; Alexieva, I.; Jorjadze, M.Introduction. Brassica oleracea L. is a polymorph species including, besides the more commonly used horticultural types (cauliflower, broccoli, head cabbage, Brussels sprouts), also types which leaves are the more commonly used part. These are mainly referred to as kales, or collards, but also include kohlrabi types, when the leaves are consumed. Kales are typical components of local food systems of many European areas, but are not generally utilised as large scale commercial crops. The rather unique abundance of glucobrassicin, besides that of flavonoids and carotenoids, make them also a potentially interesting health promoting crop. Material and methods. On site surveys were carried out during BaSeFood project, interviewing local respondents, according to qualitative descriptive methods in Italy, Portugal, Turkey, Georgia and Bulgaria. Information about the local populations, growing systems, uses, recipes and health promoting properties perceptions were retrieved. Cross country comparison were carried out. Results. Kales are used in Italy, Portugal and Turkey, whereas the use of kohlrabi leaves is reported in Bulgaria and Georgia. The local populations present a different level of variability; selection is practised by farmers but only in Italy and Portugal some kind of organised seed production seems to occur. In almost all areas, the leaves are used at different stages, as a typical winter vegetable, often representing the only fresh green available during the cool season. Over 40 traditional recipes were recorded and critically compared. They combine locally available ingredients and, in almost all cases, they represent a main course: use of kales as side dish does not belong to tradition. Kales are exploited at commercial level especially in Italy, and to a lesser extend in Portugal; these cases may represent an example for other situations. The local perception of health promoting value is very low. Conclusions. As a whole leafy forms of Brassica oleracea can be considered a very significant example of traditional crops with potential of exploitation. They are highly adaptable to local conditions but also sufficiently plastic to be fitted to more intensive exploitation systems. This flexibility represents a possibility for the preservation of local populations, together with the selection of stabilised varieties. Kale recipes also represent a typical example of how traditional foods make use of what available, are intrinsically variable and are difficult to define in terms of quality and quantity of ingredients. Kales are also a good example of how new knowledge of potential health promoting properties can enhance the interest on traditional crops and foods.
- Variability of glucosinolates and phenolics in local kale populations from Turkey, Italy and PortugalPublication . Ferioli, F.; Manco, M.; Giambanelli, E.; D'Antuono, L.F.; Albuquerque, T.G.; Sanches-Silva, A.; Koçaoglu, B.; Hayran, O.Rationale and objectives. Leafy forms of Brassica oleracea L. are generally known as kales or collards. They are traditional crops of several areas of Europe (Portugal, Spain, Scotland, Holland, Italy) and in Turkey, well rooted in local farming and food systems, but far lesser known as commercial crops. Glucosinolates are typical components of the Brassicaceae family, to which kales belong, presently valued as health promoting phytochemicals. Leafy kales are virtually the only edible crops containing high relative glucobrassicin content, at the same time, a total gluocosinolate amount compatible with human consumption. With this respect, these local and somewhat neglected species, can play a major role for the valorisation, in a healthy food context, of the glucobrassicin / indole-3-carbinol system. The EU funded project BaSeFood targeted kales as interesting raw materials for further investigation. Materials and methods. Mature kale leaves have been collected in two context: a) on field, in locally grown crops in Turkey, Italy and Portugal during winter 2009-2010; b) from an experimental trial planted in Cesena, Italy, using 7 Italian, 6 Turkish and 2 Portuguese populations, in wither 2010. The samples were freeze dried and stored and - 20 ° C until extraction by means methanol/water. Gucosinolates were transformed in the corresponding desulpho-derivatives before analysis. The analyses were carried out by means of HPLC, under appropriate conditions fro the two classess of compounds. Results. The main glucosinolates and phenolics have been identified. Ample variability was detected either in dependence on the origin of the material and within each origin. Conclusions. For the first time, kale populations of different origin were compared in a common environment. This work allowed therefore the characterisation of kale biodiversity. It also allowed the individuation of strains with better opportunities for exploitation in the preparation of health promoting traditional foods.