Browsing by Author "Bocca, Beatrice"
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- Assessment of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium – recommendations from HBM4EU chromate studyPublication . Santonen, Tiina; Bocca, Beatrice; Bousoumah, Radia; Duca, Radu Corneliu; Galea, Karen S.; Godderis, Lode; Göen, Thomas; Hardy, Emilie; Iavicoli, Ivo; Janasik, Beata; Jones, Kate; Leese, Elizabeth; Leso, Veruscka; Louro, Henriqueta; Majery, Nicole; Ndaw, Sophie; Pinhal, Hermínia; Porras, Simo P.; Scheepers, Paul T.J.; Sepai, Ovnair; Silva, Maria João; van Nieuwenhuyse, An; Verdonck, Jelle; Viegas, Susana; Wasowicz, WojciechIntroduction: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is an important occupational carcinogen. In addition to air monitoring biomonitoring is commonly applied to monitor exposure to Cr(VI). Within the EU biomonitoring initiative, HBM4EU, we explored the applicability of different biomonitoring methods in the assessment of occupational exposure to Cr(VI) in welding and surface treatment activities. Materials and Methods: A multi-center cross-sectional study was performed in Belgium, Finland, France, Italy, Poland, Portugal, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and United Kingdom. Harmonized procedures were used to collect biological and industrial hygiene samples. Contextual information was collected using questionnaires. Altogether 602 exposed workers and controls were included in the study. Exposure biomarkers studied included urinary, red blood cell (RBC) and plasma Cr, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) Cr(VI)/Cr(III). In addition, number of effect biomarkers were studied. Results: All exposure markers showed highest exposure levels among chrome plating workers. U-Cr showed a good correlation with air Cr(VI) in bath platers and welders. Observed low correlations between different exposure biomarkers suggest that these approaches are not interchangeable but rather complementary. Conclusions: U-Cr showed its value as the first approach for the assessment of internal exposure to Cr(VI). We recommend pre- and post-shift samples for low exposure levels. RBC/P-Cr and EBC-Cr(VI)/Cr(III) provide additional information when more specific information on exposure is needed. The current exposure levels require analytical methods with high sensitivity.
- HBM4EU chromates study - Overall results and recommendations for the biomonitoring of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromiumPublication . Santonen, Tiina; Porras, Simo P.; Bocca, Beatrice; Bousoumah, Radia; Duca, Radu Corneliu; Galea, Karen S.; Godderis, Lode; Göen, Thomas; Hardy, Emilie; Iavicoli, Ivo; Janasik, Beata; Jones, Kate; Leese, Elizabeth; Leso, Veruscka; Louro, Henriqueta; Majery, Nicole; Ndaw, Sophie; Pinhal, Hermínia; Ruggieri, Flavia; Silva, Maria João; van Nieuwenhuyse, An; Verdonck, Jelle; Viegas, Susana; Wasowicz, Wojciech; Sepai, Ovnair; Scheepers, Paul T.J.; Aimonen, Kukka; Antoine, Guillaume; Anzion, Rob; Burgart, Manuella; Castaño, Argelia; Cattaneo, Andrea; Cavallo, Domenico Maria; De Palma, Giuseppe; Denis, Flavien; Gambelunghe, Angela; Gomes, Bruno; Hanser, Ogier; Helenius, Riikka; Ladeira, Carina; López, Marta Esteban; Lovreglio, Piero; Marsan, Philippe; Melczer, Mathieu; Nogueira, Ana; Pletea, Elisabeta; Poels, Katrien; Remes, Jouko; Ribeiro, Edna; Santos, Sílvia Reis; Schaefers, Françoise; Spankie, Sally; Spoek, Robert; Rizki, Mohamed; Rousset, Davy; van Dael, Maurice; Veijalainen, Henna; HBM4EU chromates study teamExposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] may occur in several occupational activities, e.g., welding, Cr(VI) electroplating and other surface treatment processes. The aim of this study was to provide EU relevant data on occupational Cr(VI) exposure to support the regulatory risk assessment and decision-making. In addition, the capability and validity of different biomarkers for the assessment of Cr(VI) exposure were evaluated. The study involved nine European countries and involved 399 workers in different industry sectors with exposures to Cr(VI) such as welding, bath plating, applying or removing paint and other tasks. We also studied 203 controls to establish a background in workers with no direct exposure to Cr(VI). We applied a cross-sectional study design and used chromium in urine as the primary biomonitoring method for Cr(VI) exposure. Additionally, we studied the use of red blood cells (RBC) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) for biomonitoring of exposure to Cr(VI). Personal measurements were used to study exposure to inhalable and respirable Cr(VI) by personal air sampling. Dermal exposure was studied by taking hand wipe samples. The highest internal exposures were observed in the use of Cr(VI) in electrolytic bath plating. In stainless steel welding the internal Cr exposure was clearly lower when compared to plating activities. We observed a high correlation between chromium urinary levels and air Cr(VI) or dermal total Cr exposure. Urinary chromium showed its value as a first approach for the assessment of total, internal exposure. Correlations between urinary chromium and Cr(VI) in EBC and Cr in RBC were low, probably due to differences in kinetics and indicating that these biomonitoring approaches may not be interchangeable but rather complementary. This study showed that occupational biomonitoring studies can be conducted successfully by multi-national collaboration and provide relevant information to support policy actions aiming to reduce occupational exposure to chemicals.
- HBM4EU chromates study - Reflection and lessons learnt from designing and undertaking a collaborative European biomonitoring study on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromiumPublication . Galea, Karen S.; Porras, Simo P.; Viegas, Susana; Bocca, Beatrice; Bousoumah, Radia; Duca, Radu Corneliu; Godderis, Lode; Iavicoli, Ivo; Janasik, Beata; Jones, Kate; Knudsen, Lisbeth E.; Leese, Elizabeth; Leso, Veruscka; Louro, Henriqueta; Ndaw, Sophie; Ruggieri, Flavia; Sepai, Ovnair; Scheepers, Paul T.J.; Silva, Maria J.; Wasowicz, Wojciech; Santonen, TiinaThe EU human biomonitoring initiative, HBM4EU, aims to co-ordinate and advance human biomonitoring (HBM) across Europe. As part of HBM4EU, we presented a protocol for a multicentre study to characterize occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in nine European countries (HBM4EU chromates study). This study intended to collect data on current occupational exposure and to test new indicators for chromium (Cr) biomonitoring (Cr(VI) in exhaled breath condensate and Cr in red blood cells), in addition to traditional urinary total Cr analyses. Also, data from occupational hygiene samples and biomarkers of early biological effects, including genetic and epigenetic effects, was obtained, complementing the biomonitoring information. Data collection and analysis was completed, with the project findings being made separately available. As HBM4EU prepares to embark on further European wide biomonitoring studies, we considered it important to reflect on the experiences gained through our harmonised approach. Several practical aspects are highlighted for improvement in future studies, e.g., more thorough/earlier training on the implementation of standard operating procedures for field researchers, training on the use of the data entry template, as well as improved company communications. The HBM4EU chromates study team considered that the study had successfully demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a harmonised multicentre investigation able to achieve the research aims and objectives. This was largely attributable to the engaged multidisciplinary network, committed to deliver clearly understood goals. Such networks take time and investment to develop, but are priceless in terms of their ability to deliver and facilitate knowledge sharing and collaboration.
- HBM4EU chromates study - Usefulness of measurement of blood chromium levels in the assessment of occupational Cr(VI) exposurePublication . Ndaw, Sophie; Leso, Veruscka; Bousoumah, Radia; Rémy, Aurélie; Bocca, Beatrice; Duca, Radu Corneliu; Godderis, Lode; Hardy, Emilie; Janasik, Beata; van Nieuwenhuyse, An; Pinhal, Hermínia; Poels, Katrien; Porras, Simo P.; Ruggieri, Flavia; Santonen, Tiina; Santos, Sílvia Reis; Scheepers, Paul T.J.; Silva, Maria João; Verdonck, Jelle; Viegas, Susana; Wasowicz, Wojciech; Iavicoli, Ivo; HBM4EU Chromates Study TeamOccupational exposures to hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)) can occur in welding, hot working stainless steel processing, chrome plating, spray painting and coating activities. Recently, within the human biomonitoring for Europe initiative (HBM4EU), a study was performed to assess the suitability of different biomarkers to assess the exposure to Cr(VI) in various job tasks. Blood-based biomarkers may prove useful when more specific infor-mation on systemic and intracellular bioavailability is necessary. To this aim, concentrations of Cr in red blood cells (RBC-Cr) and in plasma (P–Cr) were analyzed in 345 Cr(VI) exposed workers and 175 controls to understand how these biomarkers may be affected by variable levels of exposure and job procedures. Compared to controls, significantly higher RBC-Cr levels were observed in bath plating and paint application workers, but not in welders, while all the 3 groups had significantly greater P–Cr concentrations. RBC-Cr and P–Cr in chrome platers showed a high correlation with Cr(VI) in inhalable dust, outside respiratory protective equipment (RPE), while such correlation could not be determined in welders. In platers, the use of RPE had a significant impact on the relationship between blood biomarkers and Cr(VI) in inhalable and respirable dust. Low correlations between P–Cr and RBC-Cr may reflect a difference in kinetics. This study showed that Cr-blood-based biomarkers can provide information on how workplace exposure translates into systemic availability of Cr(III) (extracellular, P–Cr) and Cr(VI) (intracellular, RBC-Cr). Further studies are needed to fully appreciate their use in an occupational health and safety context.
- HBM4EU Chromates Study: Determinants of Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium in Plating, Welding and Other Occupational SettingsPublication . Viegas, Susana; Martins, Carla; Bocca, Beatrice; Bousoumah, Radia; Duca, Radu Corneliu; Galea, Karen S.; Godderis, Lode; Iavicoli, Ivo; Janasik, Beata; Jones, Kate; Leese, Elizabeth; Leso, Veruscka; Ndaw, Sophie; van Nieuwenhuyse, An; Poels, Katrien; Porras, Simo P.; Ruggieri, Flavia; Silva, Maria João; Verdonck, Jelle; Wasowicz, Wojciech; Scheepers, Paul T.J.; Santonen, Tiina; HBM4EU Chromates Study TeamWork-related exposures in industrial processing of chromate (chrome plating, surface treatment and welding) raise concern regarding the health risk of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). In this study, performed under the HBM4EU project, we focused on better understanding the determinants of exposure and recognising how risk management measures (RMMs) contribute to a reduction in exposure. HBM and occupational hygiene data were collected from 399 workers and 203 controls recruited in nine European countries. Urinary total chromium (U-Cr), personal inhalable and respirable dust of Cr and Cr(VI) and Cr from hand wipes were collected. Data on the RMMs were collected by questionnaires. We studied the association between different exposure parameters and the use of RMMs. The relationship between exposure by inhalation and U-Cr in different worker groups was analysed using regression analysis and found a strong association. Automatisation of Cr electroplating dipping explained lower exposure levels in platers. The use of personal protective equipment resulted in lower U-Cr levels in welding, bath plating and painting. An effect of wearing gloves was observed in machining. An effect of local exhaust ventilation and training was observed in welding. Regression analyses showed that in platers, exposure to air level of 5 µg/m3 corresponds to U-Cr level of 7 µg/g creatinine. In welders, the same inhalation exposure resulted in lower U-Cr levels reflecting toxicokinetic differences of different chromium species.
- How can multi-national occupational studies support policy making in Europe? Experiences from HBM4EU and PARC occupational studiesPublication . Santonen, Tiina; Louro, Henriqueta; Bocca, Beatrice; Bousoumah, Radia; Corneliu Duca, Radu; Fucic, Aleksandra; Galea, Karen S.; Godderis, Lode; Göen10, Thomas; Iavicoli, Ivo; Janasik, Beata; Jones, Kate; Leese, Elizabeth; Leso, Veruscka; Ndaw, Sophie; Poels, Katrien; Porras, Simo P.; Ruggieri, Flavia; Silva, Maria João; Van Nieuwenhuyse, An; Verdonck, Jelle; Wasowicz, Wojciech; Tavares, Ana; Sepai, Ovnair; Scheepers, Paul T.J.; Viegas, SusanaProviding policy relevant data on chemical exposures was a major aim of the EU biomonitor-ing initiative, HBM4EU. Similarly, the recently launched “Partnership for the risk assessment of chemicals” (PARC) emphasizes the relevance of the research findings to regulatory deci-sion making. Occupational biomonitoring studies performed under HBM4EU were focused on HBM4EU priority substances with specific regulatory relevance. Chromates and diisocya-nate studies were developed since these substances are of high concern for workers and to support regulatory measures under both EU chemicals regulation (REACH) and occupational safety and health (OSH) legislation. E-waste study was targeted to support European circular economy strategies and identify issues e.g. under OSH legislation. Based on the results of the chromates study, we drew several policy relevant conclusions which support the future up-dating of occupational exposure limits and the development of monitoring and risk man-agement practices in industry. A survey to policy makers on the usefulness of the study re-sults gave us confidence. We emphasise the importance of early and continued engagement of policy makers to ensure the usability of the results. Early communication with regulators of the anticipated benefits and formatting outputs appropriately are important and have been considered and improved within the EU PARC project.
- Setting up a collaborative European Human biological monitoring study on occupational exposure to Hexavalent ChromiumPublication . Santonen, Tiina; Alimonti, Alessandro; Bocca, Beatrice; Duca, Radu Corneliu; Galea, Karen S.; Godderis, Lode; Göen, Thomas; Gomes, Bruno; Hanser, Ogier; Iavicoli, Ivo; Janasik, Beata; Jones, Kate; Kiilunen, Mirja; Koch, Holger M.; Leese, Liz; Leso, Veruscka; Louro, Henriqueta; Ndaw, Sophie; Porras, Simo P.; Robert, Alain; Ruggieri, Flavia; Scheepers, Paul; Silva, Maria João; Viegas, Susana; Wasowicz, Wojciech; Castano, Argelia; Sepai, OvnairBackground: The EU human biomonitoring initiative, HBM4EU, aims to co-ordinate and advance human biomonitoring across Europe and develop new approaches for biomonitoring. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is an important occupational carcinogen, which compounds are currently authorized in Europe. In addition, a binding limit value for occupational exposure to Cr(VI) has been recently agreed in EU. These regulatory actions emphasize the need for EU-wide data on exposure and sensitive biomarkers to assess the exposure. Here we describe the design of the multinational, collaborative project to support management of occupational exposure to Cr(VI). Methods: The study involves eight European countries and aims to recruit 400 workers performing Cr(VI) surface treatment or stainless steel welding. In addition to urinary chromium (U-Cr), exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and blood samples are collected for the analysis of Cr(VI)/Cr. Exposure data will be complemented with data on effect markers. Personal air and wipe samples are collected in parallel to help interpretation of biomonitoring results. Standardized questionnaires are used to collect contextual data, and samplings are done following the standard operational procedures developed to support standardization. Results: This occupational Cr(VI) study is the first that will be performed concurrently in multiple European countries using harmonized protocols for data gathering, sampling and analysis. Combining national standardized surveys the power of the study and the strength of the findings is greatly enhanced. Samplings are currently on-going and include companies ranging from micro-sized companies to large international companies. Final results are expected by the end of 2020. The presentation covers the background data on the tasks covered and the available external exposure data. Conclusions: Using this unique set-up including multiple countries and harmonized protocols we expect to create more comprehensive data for EU decision making. The data allows also the assessment of the feasibility of different biomarkers in the biomonitoring of Cr(VI).
- Setting up a collaborative European human biological monitoring study on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromiumPublication . Santonen, Tiina; Alimonti, Alessandro; Bocca, Beatrice; Duca, Radu Corneliu; Galea, Karen S; Godderis, Lode; Göen, Thomas; Gomes, Bruno; Hanser, Ogier; Iavicoli, Ivo; Janasik, Beata; Jones, Kate; Kiilunen, Mirja; Koch, Holger M; Leese, Elizabeth; Leso, Veruscka; Louro, Henriqueta; Ndaw, Sophie; Porras, Simo P; Robert, Alain; Ruggieri, Flavia; Scheepers, Paul T J; Silva, Maria J; Viegas, Susana; Wasowicz, Wojciech; Castano, Argelia; Sepai, OvnairThe EU human biomonitoring initiative, HBM4EU, aims to co-ordinate and advance human biomonitoring (HBM) across Europe. Within its remit, the project is gathering new, policy relevant, EU-wide data on occupational exposure to relevant priority chemicals and developing new approaches for occupational biomonitoring. In this manuscript, the hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] study design is presented as the first example of this HBM4EU approach. This study involves eight European countries and plans to recruit 400 workers performing Cr(VI) surface treatment e.g. electroplating or stainless steel welding activities. The aim is to collect new data on current occupational exposure to Cr(VI) in Europe and to test new methods for Cr biomonitoring, specifically the analysis of Cr(VI) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and Cr in red blood cells (RBC) in addition to traditional urinary total Cr analyses. Furthermore, exposure data will be complemented with early biological effects data, including genetic and epigenetic effects. Personal air samples and wipe samples are collected in parallel to help informing the biomonitoring results. We present standard operational procedures (SOPs) to support the harmonized methodologies for the collection of occupational hygiene and HBM samples in different countries.
- The HBM4EU chromates study - Outcomes and impacts on EU policies and occupational health practicesPublication . Santonen, Tiina; Louro, Henriqueta; Bocca, Beatrice; Bousoumah, Radia; Duca, Radu Corneliu; Fucic, Aleksandra; Galea, Karen S.; Godderis, Lode; Göen, Thomas; Iavicoli, Ivo; Janasik, Beata; Jones, Kate; Leese, Elizabeth; Leso, Veruscka; Ndaw, Sophie; Poels, Katrien; Porras, Simo P.; Ruggieri, Flavia; Silva, Maria João; Van Nieuwenhuyse, An; Verdonck, Jelle; Wasowicz, Wojciech; Tavares, Ana; Sepai, Ovnair; Scheepers, Paul T.J.; Viegas, SusanaWithin the EU human biomonitoring initiative (HBM4EU), a targeted, multi-national study on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) was performed. Cr(VI) is currently regulated in EU under REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) and under occupational safety and health (OSH) legislation. It has recently been subject to regulatory actions to improve its risk management in European workplaces. Analysis of the data obtained within the HBM4EU chromates study provides support both for the implementation of these regulatory actions and for national enforcement programs and may also contribute to the updating of occupational limit values (OELs) and biological limit values for Cr(VI). It also provides useful insights on the contribution of different risk management measures (RMMs) to further reduce the exposure to Cr(VI) and may support the evaluation of applications for authorisation under REACH. Findings on chrome platers’ additional per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure highlight the need to also pay attention to this substance group in the metals sector. A survey performed to evaluate the policy relevance of the HBM4EU chromates study findings supports the usefulness of the study results. According to the responses received from the survey, the HBM4EU chromates study was able to demonstrate the added value of the human biomonitoring (HBM) approach in assessment and management of occupational exposure to Cr(VI). For future occupational studies, we emphasise the need for engagement of policy makers and regulators throughout the whole research process to ensure awareness, relevance and uptake of the results in future policies.