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Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles

2022-04-06Journal article Restricted access
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dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Ana S.
dc.contributor.authorRolo, Joana
dc.contributor.authorGaspar, Carlos
dc.contributor.authorCavaleiro, Carlos
dc.contributor.authorSalgueiro, Lígia
dc.contributor.authorPalmeira-de-Oliveira, Rita
dc.contributor.authorFerraz, Celso
dc.contributor.authorCoelho, Susana
dc.contributor.authorPastorinho, M. Ramiro
dc.contributor.authorSousa, Ana Catarina
dc.contributor.authorTeixeira, João Paulo
dc.contributor.authorMartinez-de-Oliveira, José
dc.contributor.authorPalmeira-de-Oliveira, Ana
dc.date.accessioned2023-03-21T16:36:09Z
dc.date.available2023-03-21T16:36:09Z
dc.date.issued2022-04-06
dc.description.abstractEthnopharmacological relevance: Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. is an interspecific hybrid between Thymus pulegioides and Thymus vulgaris, known for its pharmacological activities as diaphoretic, deodorant, antiseptic and disinfectant, the last mostly related with its antimicrobial activity. The folk use of other extracts, as hydrolates, have also been disseminated, as regulators of oily skin with anti-acne effect. Aim of the study: We aimed to evaluate the anti-acne potential of two Thymus x citriodorus (TC) preparations, the essential oil (EO) and the hydrolate, to be used as active ingredients for skin applications. Specifically, we intend to validate their anti-acne potential by describing their activity on acne related bacteria, bacterial virulence, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, and biocompatibility on inflammatory cells. Additionally, we aimed to report their ecotoxicity under the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), thus focusing not only on the consumer, but also on environmental safety assessment. Materials and methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. acnes, S. aureus and S. epidermidis was evaluated. Minimum lethal concentration (MLC) was also determined. The effect on C. acnes biofilm formation and disruption was evaluated with crystal violet staining. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7), by studying nitric oxide (NO) production (Griess reagent) and cellular biocompatibility through MTT assay. In-vitro NO and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging potential were also evaluated. The ecotoxicity was evaluated using Daphnia magna acute toxicity assays. Results: EO presented direct antimicrobial activity, with visual MICs ranging from 0.06% for S. epidermidis and C. acnes to 0.125% for S. aureus. MLCs were higher than the obtained MICs. Hydrolate revealed visual MIC only for C. acnes. TC essential oil was effective in preventing biofilm formation and disrupting preformed biofilms even at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Hydrolate showed a more modest anti-biofilm effect. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, TC hydrolate has a higher cellular biocompatibility. Still, both plant preparations were able to inhibit at least 50% of NO production at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Both EO and hydrolate have poor anti-oxidant activities. Regarding the ecotoxicity, TC essential oil was classified under acute 3 category, while the hydrolate has proved to be nontoxic, in accordance to the GHS. Conclusions: These results support the anti-acne value of different TC preparations for different applications. TC hydrolate by presenting higher biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory potential and the ability to modulate C. acnes virulence, can be advantageous in a product for everyday application. On the other hand, EO by presenting a marked antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory activities, still with some cytotoxicity, may be better suited for application in acute flare-ups, for short treatment periods.pt_PT
dc.description.abstractHighlights: TC essential oil and its by-product (hydrolate) were tested for anti-acne potential; TC essential oil presented higher antimicrobial activity on acne related bacteria; Both TC preparations presented potential against C. acnes biofilm growth form; Cellular anti-inflammatory activity was obtained at biocompatible concentrations; TC hydrolate presented no environmental acute toxicity, with Daphnia magna model.pt_PT
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by “INOVEP project – Innovation with Plant Extracts”, I&DT projects for companies in collaboration with sci entific entities, project number 33815, Centro2020. It was also funded by Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), through funds from the State Budget, and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), under the Portugal 2020 Program, through the Regional Operational Program of the Center (Centro2020), through the Projects with the reference [UIDB/00709/2020] and [UIDP/00102/2020]. Financial support was also provided by FCT through PhD fellowship [SFRH//BD/136192/2018] awarded to ASO, and through fellowships awarded to JR [SFRH/BPD/115145/2016] and RPO [SFRH/BPD/ 124437/2016].pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationJ Ethnopharmacol . 2022 Apr 6;287:114935. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114935. Epub 2021 Dec 24. Comparative Study
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jep.2021.114935pt_PT
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/8596
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.relationHealth Sciences Research Centre
dc.relationChemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre
dc.relationalterado para: “Portuguese Natural Resources as Modulators of Acne Vulgaris Hallmarks” Nonspecific vulvovaginitis: the putative ethiopatologic role of House Dust Mites
dc.relationRole of the native vaginal flora in recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis
dc.relationDEVELOPMENT OF IN VITRO AND EX VIVO MODELS FOR THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF VAGINAL PROBIOTIC PRODUCTS: A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH
dc.relation.publisherversionJ Ethnopharmacol . 2022 Apr 6;287:114935. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114935. Epub 2021 Dec 24.pt_PT
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378-8741(21)01165-X
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectAcne Vulgarispt_PT
dc.subjectAnti-Inflammatory Activitypt_PT
dc.subjectAntioxidant Activitypt_PT
dc.subjectBiofilmspt_PT
dc.subjectDaphnia Magnapt_PT
dc.subjectThymus x Citriodoruspt_PT
dc.subjectToxicologiapt_PT
dc.titleChemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profilespt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleHealth Sciences Research Centre
oaire.awardTitleChemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre
oaire.awardTitlealterado para: “Portuguese Natural Resources as Modulators of Acne Vulgaris Hallmarks” Nonspecific vulvovaginitis: the putative ethiopatologic role of House Dust Mites
oaire.awardTitleRole of the native vaginal flora in recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis
oaire.awardTitleDEVELOPMENT OF IN VITRO AND EX VIVO MODELS FOR THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF VAGINAL PROBIOTIC PRODUCTS: A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F00709%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F00102%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/OE/SFRH%2FBD%2F136192%2F2018/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT//SFRH%2FBPD%2F115145%2F2016/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT//SFRH%2FBPD%2F124437%2F2016/PT
oaire.citation.startPage114935pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleJournal of Ethnopharmacologypt_PT
oaire.citation.volume287pt_PT
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStreamOE
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
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project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
rcaap.embargofctAcesso de acordo com política editorial da revista.pt_PT
rcaap.rightsembargoedAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
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