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Cadmium exposure in adults across Europe: Results from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies survey 2014-2020

2022-10-17Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorSnoj Tratnik, Janja
dc.contributor.authorKocman, David
dc.contributor.authorHorvat, Milena
dc.contributor.authorAndersson, Anna-Maria
dc.contributor.authorJuul, Anders
dc.contributor.authorJacobsen, Eva
dc.contributor.authorOlafsdottir, Kristin
dc.contributor.authorKlanova, Jana
dc.contributor.authorAndryskova, Lenka
dc.contributor.authorJanasik, Beata
dc.contributor.authorWasowicz, Wojciech
dc.contributor.authorJanev Holcer, Natasa
dc.contributor.authorNamorado, Sónia
dc.contributor.authorCoelho, Inês
dc.contributor.authorRambaud, Loic
dc.contributor.authorRiou, Margaux
dc.contributor.authorVan Nieuwenhuyse, An
dc.contributor.authorAppenzeller, Brice
dc.contributor.authorKolossa-Gehring, Marike
dc.contributor.authorWeber, Till
dc.contributor.authorEsteban, Marta
dc.contributor.authorCastano, Argelia
dc.contributor.authorGilles, Liese
dc.contributor.authorRodriguez Martin, Laura
dc.contributor.authorSchoeters, Greta
dc.contributor.authorSepai, Ovnair
dc.contributor.authorGovarts, Eva
dc.date.accessioned2022-11-02T12:13:41Z
dc.date.available2022-11-02T12:13:41Z
dc.date.issued2022-10-17
dc.descriptionReviewpt_PT
dc.description.abstractThe objectives of the study were to estimate the current exposure to cadmium (Cd) in Europe, potential differences between the countries and geographic regions, determinants of exposure and to derive European exposure levels. The basis for this work was provided by the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) which established a framework for alignment of national or regional HBM studies. For the purpose of Cd exposure assessment, studies from 9 European countries (Iceland, Denmark, Poland, Czech Republic, Croatia, Portugal, Germany, France, Luxembourg) were included and urine of 20–39 years old adults sampled in the years 2014–2021 (n = 2510). The measurements in urine were quality assured by the HBM4EU quality assurance/quality control scheme, study participants' questionnaire data were post-harmonized. Spatially resolved external data, namely Cd concentrations in soil, agricultural areas, phosphate fertilizer application, traffic density and point source Cd release were collected for the respective statistical territorial unit (NUTS). There were no distinct geographic patterns observed in Cd levels in urine, although the data revealed some differences between the specific study sites. The levels of exposure were otherwise similar between two time periods within the last decade (DEMOCOPHES - 2011–2012 vs. HBM4EU Aligned Studies, 2014–2020). The age-dependent alert values for Cd in urine were exceeded by 16% of the study participants. Exceedances in the different studies and locations ranged from 1.4% up to 42%. The studies with largest extent of exceedance were from France and Poland. Association analysis with individual food consumption data available from participants’ questionnaires showed an important contribution of vegetarian diet to the overall exposure, with 35% higher levels in vegetarians as opposed to non-vegetarians. For comparison, increase in Cd levels due to smoking was 25%. Using NUTS2-level external data, positive associations between HBM data and percentage of cropland and consumption of Cd-containing mineral phosphate fertilizer were revealed, which indicates a significant contribution of mineral phosphate fertilizers to human Cd exposure through diet. In addition to diet, traffic and point source release were identified as significant sources of exposure in the study population. The findings of the study support the recommendation by EFSA to reduce Cd exposure as also the estimated mean dietary exposure of adults in the EU is close or slightly exceeding the tolerable weekly intake. It also indicates that regulations are not protecting the population sufficiently.pt_PT
dc.description.sponsorshipThe HBM4EU project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 733032. Co-funding for the HBM4EU Aligned Studies has been provided by the national programs: Sant´e Publique France and the French ministries of Health and the Environment (ESTEBAN, France); MEYS (No. LM2018121), and Cetocoen Plus project (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/ 0.0/15_003/0000469) (CELSPAC:YA, Czech Republic); the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland (contract no.3764/H2020/ 2017/2) (POALES, Poland); Public Health Fund (Diet_HBM, Iceland); Croatian Institute of Public Health (HBM survey in Croatia); National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge (INSEF_ExpoQuim, Portugal); German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV) (ESB, Germany); Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), the Laboratoire national de sant´e (human biomonitoring part), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research of Luxembourg and the Ministry of Health of Luxembourg (Oriscav-Lux2, Luxembourg); Candy Foundation (Nos. 2017–224 and 2020–344), Absalon Foundation (No. F-23653-01), The Danish Environmental Protection Agency (Miljøstyrelsen: MST-621-00012 Center on Endocrine Disrupters), The Research council of Capital Region of Denmark (No. E− 22717-11), Research council of Rigshospitalet (Nos. E− 22717-12, E− 22717-07, E− 22717-08), Aase og Ejnar Danielsens Fond (No. 10–001874), International Research and Research Training Centre for Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC, No. 1500321/1604357) (CPHMINIPUB (parents) and DYMS, Denmark). J.Kl. and L.A. thank the CETOCOEN EXCELLENCE project No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_043/ 0009632 financed by MEYS for supportive background, and supported from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 857560.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationInt J Hyg Environ Health. 2022 Oct 17;246:114050. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114050. Online ahead of printpt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114050pt_PT
dc.identifier.issn1438-4639
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/8291
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherElsevier GmbHpt_PT
dc.relationEuropean Human Biomonitoring Initiative
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S143846392200133Xpt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectCadmiumpt_PT
dc.subjectHuman Biomonitoringpt_PT
dc.subjectHuman Exposurept_PT
dc.subjectPhosphate Fertilizerpt_PT
dc.subjectIndustrial Releasept_PT
dc.subjectHBM4EUpt_PT
dc.subjectEuropean Human Biomonitoring Initiativept_PT
dc.subjectEuropept_PT
dc.subjectCádmiopt_PT
dc.subjectEmissões Industriaispt_PT
dc.subjectAvaliação do Riscopt_PT
dc.subjectBiomonitorização Humanapt_PT
dc.subjectFertilizante com Fosfatopt_PT
dc.subjectNUTSpt_PT
dc.subjectDeterminantes da Saúde e da Doençapt_PT
dc.subjectToxicologiapt_PT
dc.subjectEuropapt_PT
dc.titleCadmium exposure in adults across Europe: Results from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies survey 2014-2020pt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleEuropean Human Biomonitoring Initiative
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/733032/EU
oaire.citation.startPage114050pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleInternational Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Healthpt_PT
oaire.citation.volume246pt_PT
oaire.fundingStreamH2020
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project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
project.funder.nameEuropean Commission
rcaap.embargofctAcesso de acordo com política editorial da revista.pt_PT
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
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