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Bioaccumulation and elimination kinetics of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Hermetia illucens larvae: Implications for risk mitigation of selected contaminants in insect farming

2026-04-28Artigo científico Acesso restrito
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Naturais
datacite.subject.sdg02:Erradicar a Fome
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg15:Proteger a Vida Terrestre
dc.contributor.authorMostafaie, Amid
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Patricia V.
dc.contributor.authorProdana, Marija
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Ana Rita R.
dc.contributor.authorPinto, José N.
dc.contributor.authorDuarte, Regina M.B.O.
dc.contributor.authorAlvito, Paula
dc.contributor.authorCoelho, Inês
dc.contributor.authorRego, Andreia
dc.contributor.authorLopes, Iva G.
dc.contributor.authorBrooks, Bryan W.
dc.contributor.authorLoureiro, Susana
dc.contributor.authorCardoso, Diogo N.
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-28T14:40:20Z
dc.date.available2026-09-28T14:40:20Z
dc.date.issued2026-04-28
dc.description.abstractRapidly expanding insect farming industries worldwide are raising concerns about introducing contaminants into food chains. One of the dominant species in this new bioindustry, the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), offers diverse benefits ranging from protein production to waste management, biofuel, and pharmaceutical applications. Recent studies have highlighted the ability of insects to accumulate metals; however, knowledge of their ability to eliminate contaminants is needed. Similarly, information regarding the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is lacking. This study aimed to understand how H. illucens larvae accumulate and eliminate metals and PAHs from contaminated substrates. We performed two-phase bioaccumulation experiments followed by toxicokinetic modelling to estimate uptake and elimination rate constants and half-lives in H. illucens. During the uptake phase, insects were exposed for five days to contaminated substrates at EU maximum feed concentrations: 2 mg kg−1 for As and Cd, 10 mg kg−1 for Pb, and 12.5 μg kg−1 for each of four PAHs (benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, chrysene). In the second phase, insects were exposed to non-contaminated substrates for five days to evaluate elimination. Results showed metal accumulation with kinetic bioaccumulation factors of 4.26, 1.16, and 1.31 for Cd, As, and Pb, respectively. A one-day depuration reduced As and Pb below regulatory thresholds; Cd required three days. Minimal to no accumulation was observed for B[a]P and B[b]F, with higher uptake for B[a]A. PAH half-lives were under one day. These findings, from controlled experiments with limited contaminants, support incorporating a depuration phase for risk mitigation in H. illucens waste-to-protein systems.eng
dc.description.abstractHighlights: We examined the toxicokinetics of metals and PAHs in Hermetia illucens larvae; Increased chemical exposure to insect feed may lead to excess insect contamination; Insects consistently and rapidly eliminated the chemicals studied; Integrating 3-day elimination periods within the rearing process is recommended; Findings promote safer insect farming and sustainable use of waste as insect feed.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipWe acknowledge national funding through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia I.P., under the project CESAM-Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, references UID/50017/2025 (doi.org/10.5 4499/UID/50017/2025) and LA/P/0094/2020 (doi.org/10.54499/ LA/P/0094/2020). This study was supported by the project ENTOSAFE (PTDC/CTA-AMB/0730/2021, doi:10.54499/PTDC/CTA-AMB/0 730/2021), through national funds (OE) from the FCT/MCTES. A. Mostafaie is a PhD grant holder from FCT (Fundaç˜ao para a Ciˆencia e a Tecnologia doi:10.54499/2021.08001.BD). D. Cardoso is hired under the Scientific Employment Stimulus - Individual Call (CEECIND/01190/ 2018, doi:10.54499/CEECIND/01190/2018/CP1559/CT0006). A.R.R. Silva holds a research contract from the Agenda for Business Innovation “InsectERA” (Project no. 20 with the application C644917393- 00000032). P.V. Silva holds a research contract from the European project ETRNAL (Grant agreement ID: 101057668).
dc.identifier.citationComp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2026 Sep:307:110554. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110554. Epub 2026 Apr 28
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110554
dc.identifier.eissn1878-1659
dc.identifier.issn1532-0456
dc.identifier.pmid42061665
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/11345
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relationCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
dc.relationENTOSAFE
dc.relation10.54499/2021.08001.BD
dc.relation10.54499/CEECIND/01190/2018/CP1559/CT0006
dc.relationUID/50017/2025
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532045626001122
dc.relation.ispartofComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectBlack Soldier Fly
dc.subjectToxicokinetics
dc.subjectEdible Insects
dc.subjectFood Safety
dc.subjectContaminant Elimination
dc.subjectCircularity
dc.subjectToxicologia
dc.subjectSegurança Alimentar
dc.titleBioaccumulation and elimination kinetics of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Hermetia illucens larvae: Implications for risk mitigation of selected contaminants in insect farmingeng
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.referenceshttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15341580
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardNumberLA/P/0094/2020
oaire.awardNumberPTDC/CTA-AMB/0730/2021
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0094%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/3599-PPCDT/PTDC%2FCTA-AMB%2F0730%2F2021/PT
oaire.citation.startPage110554
oaire.citation.titleComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology
oaire.citation.volume307
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream3599-PPCDT
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
relation.isProjectOfPublicationbc5e46b5-0da4-4ee2-97e0-bf2ab95a5870
relation.isProjectOfPublicationdaff7e99-d9c7-4ae5-acbe-4843ad5a2c5a
relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscoverybc5e46b5-0da4-4ee2-97e0-bf2ab95a5870

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