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Re‐evaluation of butane (E 943a), isobutane (E 943b) and propane (E 944) as food additives

2025-01-31Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorEFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings
dc.contributor.authorCastle, Laurence
dc.contributor.authorAndreassen, Monica
dc.contributor.authorAquilina, Gabriele
dc.contributor.authorBastos, Maria
dc.contributor.authorBoon, Polly
dc.contributor.authorFallico, Biagio
dc.contributor.authorFitzgerald, Reginald
dc.contributor.authorFrutos-Fernandez, Maria Jose
dc.contributor.authorGrasl‐Kraupp, Bettina
dc.contributor.authorGundert‐Remy, Ursula
dc.contributor.authorGürtler, Rainer
dc.contributor.authorHoudeau, Eric
dc.contributor.authorKurek, Marcin
dc.contributor.authorLouro, Henriqueta
dc.contributor.authorMorales, Patricia
dc.contributor.authorPassamonti, Sabina
dc.contributor.authorGagliardi, Gabriele
dc.contributor.authorMultari, Salvatore
dc.contributor.authorRasinger, Josef Daniel
dc.contributor.authorRincon, Ana Maria
dc.contributor.authorSmeraldi, Camilla
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-04T12:53:39Z
dc.date.available2025-08-04T12:53:39Z
dc.date.issued2025-01-31
dc.descriptionEFSA FAF Panel members: Henriqueta Louro (INSA)
dc.description.abstractThe Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) provides a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of butane (E 943a), isobutane (E 943b) and propane (E 944) as food additives. Butane, isobutane and propane are short‐chain (C3–C4) alkanes, which are in gaseous state at room temperature. Their currently permitted use in food is in vegetable oil pan spray (for professional use only) and water‐based emulsion spray as propellants at quantum satis. They can also be used in food colour preparations with a maximum residual limit of 1 mg/kg in food. Two interested business operators (IBOs) provided information in response to the call for data published by EFSA reporting typical and maximum use levels. The toxicological hazards of the three gases via inhalation are known, however this route of exposure is not considered relevant for their safety assessment as food additives. Existing EU specifications for the three food additives already contain limits for the toxic impurity 1,3‐butadiene (1,3‐BD), however due to a lack of information on the manufacturing processes used, uncertainties do remain regarding the potential presence of other impurities not listed in the current EU specifications for food additives. Based on their physicochemical properties, the three gases are considered by the Panel to be of low toxicological concern when used as food additives and their dietary exposure very low. The Panel concluded that the use of butane (E 943a), isobutane (E 943b) and propane (E 944) as food additives at the currently permitted uses and use levels does not raise a safety concern. The Panel made some recommendations for amending existing EU specifications for butane (E 943a), isobutane (E 943b) and propane (E 944).eng
dc.identifier.citationEFSA J. 2025 Jan 31;23(1):e9203. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9203. eCollection 2025 Jan
dc.identifier.doi10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9203
dc.identifier.eissn1831-4732
dc.identifier.issn1831-4732
dc.identifier.pmid39896351
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/10533
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherWiley
dc.relationEuropean Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC)
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9203
dc.relation.ispartofEFSA Journal
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectFood Additives
dc.subjectButane (E 943a)
dc.subjectIsobutane (E 943b)
dc.subjectPropane (E 944)
dc.subjectEnvironmental Genotoxicity
dc.subjectGenotoxicidade Ambiental
dc.titleRe‐evaluation of butane (E 943a), isobutane (E 943b) and propane (E 944) as food additiveseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleEuropean Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC)
oaire.awardURIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/10383
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.startPagee9203
oaire.citation.titleEFSA Journal
oaire.citation.volume23
oaire.fundingStreamHorizon Europe Guarantee
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameLouro
person.givenNameHenriqueta
person.identifier157627
person.identifier.ciencia-id721D-2BB1-7DB1
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9744-7332
person.identifier.scopus-author-id6507971479
relation.isAuthorOfPublication2361a951-8b9a-4b90-92d6-f6384003a242
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery2361a951-8b9a-4b90-92d6-f6384003a242
relation.isProjectOfPublicationa7df9a6a-838e-406c-94c7-1baa7daba05c
relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscoverya7df9a6a-838e-406c-94c7-1baa7daba05c

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