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Beach sand and the potential for infectious disease transmission: observations and recommendations

2015-07-01Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorSolo-Gabriele, Helena M.
dc.contributor.authorHarwood, Valerie J.
dc.contributor.authorKay, David
dc.contributor.authorFujioka, Roger S.
dc.contributor.authorSadowsky, Michael J.
dc.contributor.authorWhitman, Richard L.
dc.contributor.authorWither, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorCaniça, Manuela
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho da Fonseca, Rita
dc.contributor.authorDuarte, Aida
dc.contributor.authorEdge, Thomas A.
dc.contributor.authorGargaté, Maria J.
dc.contributor.authorGunde-Cimerman, Nina
dc.contributor.authorHagen, Ferry
dc.contributor.authorMcLellan, Sandra L.
dc.contributor.authorNogueira da Silva, Alexandra
dc.contributor.authorNovak Babič, Monika
dc.contributor.authorPrada, Susana
dc.contributor.authorRodrigues, Raquel
dc.contributor.authorRomão, Daniela
dc.contributor.authorSabino, Raquel
dc.contributor.authorSamson, Robert A.
dc.contributor.authorSegal, Esther
dc.contributor.authorStaley, Christopher
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Huw D.
dc.contributor.authorVeríssimo, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorViegas, Carla
dc.contributor.authorBarroso, Helena
dc.contributor.authorBrandão, João
dc.date.accessioned2016-02-26T12:20:31Z
dc.date.issued2015-07-01
dc.description.abstractRecent studies suggest that sand can serve as a vehicle for exposure of humans to pathogens at beach sites, resulting in increased health risks. Sampling for microorganisms in sand should therefore be considered for inclusion in regulatory programmes aimed at protecting recreational beach users from infectious disease. Here, we review the literature on pathogen levels in beach sand, and their potential for affecting human health. In an effort to provide specific recommendations for sand sampling programmes, we outline published guidelines for beach monitoring programs, which are currently focused exclusively on measuring microbial levels in water. We also provide background on spatial distribution and temporal characteristics of microbes in sand, as these factors influence sampling programs. First steps toward establishing a sand sampling program include identifying appropriate beach sites and use of initial sanitary assessments to refine site selection. A tiered approach is recommended for monitoring. This approach would include the analysis of samples from many sites for faecal indicator organisms and other conventional analytes, while testing for specific pathogens and unconventional indicators is reserved for high-risk sites. Given the diversity of microbes found in sand, studies are urgently needed to identify the most significant aetiological agent of disease and to relate microbial measurements in sand to human health risk.pt_PT
dc.description.sponsorshipWe thank the Fulbright Foundation for support of Dr Harwood. Participation by H. Solo-Gabriele is associated with the University of Miami Center for Oceans and Human Health (NSF 0CE0432368/0911373/1127813 and NIEHS P50 ES12736). Raquel Sabino was financially supported by a fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) Portugal (contract SFRH/BPD/72775/2010).pt_PT
dc.identifier.citationJ Mar Biol Assoc UK. 2016 Fev; 96(Suppl.1):101-120. doi.10.1017/S0025315415000843. Epub 2015 Jul 1pt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1017/S0025315415000843pt_PT
dc.identifier.issn0025-3154
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/3503
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherCambridge University Press/ Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdompt_PT
dc.relation.publisherversionhttp://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=10120405&fileId=S0025315415000843pt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subjectSandspt_PT
dc.subjectMicrobiological Indicatorspt_PT
dc.subjectContaminationpt_PT
dc.subjectPathogenspt_PT
dc.subjectBeach Sandpt_PT
dc.subjectMicrobespt_PT
dc.subjectBacteriapt_PT
dc.subjectFungipt_PT
dc.subjectInfecções Sistémicas e Zoonosespt_PT
dc.subjectAgentes Microbianos e Ambientept_PT
dc.subjectContaminantes Microbiológicospt_PT
dc.subjectExposição Ambientalpt_PT
dc.subjectAvaliação do Impacte em Saúdept_PT
dc.subjectAvaliação do Riscopt_PT
dc.titleBeach sand and the potential for infectious disease transmission: observations and recommendationspt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage120pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage101pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdompt_PT
oaire.citation.volume96(Suppl.1)pt_PT
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT

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