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Chemical characterization and in vitro cyto- and genotoxicity of ‘legal high’ products containing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)

2016-07Journal article Restricted access
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dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Ana Sofia
dc.contributor.authorFraga, Sónia
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Félix
dc.contributor.authorAraújo, Ana Margarida
dc.contributor.authorPereira, Cristiana Costa
dc.contributor.authorTeixeira, João Paulo
dc.contributor.authorde Lourdes Bastos, Maria
dc.contributor.authorde Pinho, Paula Guedes
dc.date.accessioned2016-10-19T13:43:26Z
dc.date.available2017-08-01T00:30:11Z
dc.date.issued2016-07
dc.description.abstractKratom is a popular ‘legal high’ mainly constituted by alkaloids extracted from the Mitragyna speciosa plant with mitragynine (MG) as the dominant active substance. The increasing use of Kratom for recreational purposes has alerted risk assessment bodies of the lack of information on the real composition and its potential health risks. The present study aimed to determine and compare the MG composition of 13 commercial products of Kratom sold online and in “smartshops”, by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. For the first time, the cytotoxicity induced by pure MG and Kratom, extracts was evaluated in in vitro models of human intestinal (Caco-2) and neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cells after 6 and 24 h. Genotoxicity was also evaluated in intestinal Caco-2 cells following 24 h of exposure to subtoxic concentrations using the comet assay. The obtained results revealed an inconsistency between the information (‘power’) provided in labels and the MG content. Cytotoxicity tests revealed a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability in both cellular models, with the SH-SY5Y cells being more sensitive to the Kratom extracts. The resin and the ‘powered extracts’ were the most cytotoxic samples, with IC50 values significantly lower than the leaf extracts and pure MG (P < 0.0001 vs. leaf extracts and MG). In addition, significant DNA damage was observed in Caco-2 cells exposed to these extracts but not to pure MG, which suggests that other substances present in the extracts or interactions involving Kratom components might be responsible for the observed effects.pt_PT
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work received financial support from the European Union (FEDER funds through COMPETE) and National Funds (FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) through project Pest-C/EQB/LA0006/2013.pt_PT
dc.identifier.citationForensic Toxicol. 2016 Jul; 34(2):213-26. doi.10.1007/s11419-015-0305-6pt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11419-015-0305-6pt_PT
dc.identifier.issn1860-8965
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/4055
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherSpringer Verlag/ Japanese Association of Forensic Toxicology (JAFT)pt_PT
dc.relation.publisherversionhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11419-015-0305-6pt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectKratompt_PT
dc.subjectCytotoxicitypt_PT
dc.subjectGC–MSpt_PT
dc.subjectGenotoxicitypt_PT
dc.subjectCaco-2 cell linept_PT
dc.subjectSH-SY5Y cell linept_PT
dc.subjectGenotoxicidade Ambientalpt_PT
dc.titleChemical characterization and in vitro cyto- and genotoxicity of ‘legal high’ products containing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)pt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/COMPETE/PEst-C%2FEQB%2FLA0006%2F2013/PT
oaire.citation.endPage226pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage213pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleForensic Toxicologypt_PT
oaire.citation.volume34(2)pt_PT
oaire.fundingStreamCOMPETE
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
rcaap.rightsembargoedAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
relation.isProjectOfPublication0c766506-6307-4045-921c-39b8158f5e3c
relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscovery0c766506-6307-4045-921c-39b8158f5e3c

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