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- Aquaponics as a Novel and Alternative Food Production System: Integrating Health and Environmental Sustainability PerspectivesPublication . Assunção, Ricardo; Motta, Carla; Santos, Mariana; Batista, Rita; Albuquerque, Tânia; Bento, AlexandraAim: In an era marked by climate change, environmental resource depletion, and growing global population, the need for sustainable and resilient food systems has become increasingly urgent. Conventional food production systems contribute significantly to environmental degradation and inefficient resource use. In response, key international strategies emphasize the development of innovative solutions that foster circular economies and ensure access to nutritious and sustainable diets. Aquaponics, a closed-loop system that combines aquaculture and hydroponics, has emerged as a promising alternative, known for its efficient resource use and potential to produce nutrient-dense foods. This study aims to explore and critically assess the health and environmental sustainability impacts of aquaponically produced foods compared to conventional food systems. Method: A structured literature review and critical evaluation of peer-reviewed studies were conducted to identify key health and environmental sustainability indicators associated with aquaponic food production. Health-related factors included the presence of nutrients and potential contaminants (chemical and microbiological), while environmental assessment focused on Life Cycle indicators such as global warming potential, eutrophication, water footprint, land use, acidification, and ecotoxicological impact. Studies were selected based on comparability to conventional food production systems. Results: The obtained results indicated that aquaponic systems can produce foods with comparable or enhanced nutritional profiles relative to conventional systems. On the environmental side, aquaponics demonstrated reduced water use, land requirements, and nutrient discharge, though energy use and system complexity vary depending on design and operational parameters. Life Cycle indicators highlighted significant reductions in eutrophication and land use impacts, particularly when fish and plants are optimally integrated. Conclusion: Aquaponics presents a viable and innovative approach to future food production, offering measurable health and environmental benefits compared to traditional systems. However, broader adoption will require further research to provide evidence-based integration into food policy frameworks. These findings support the potential of aquaponics as a sustainable alternative aligned with the food system transformation goals.
- Bioremediation of Bacteria, Histamine and Animal DNA by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Safe Food Waste ValorisationPublication . Oliveira, Joana; Ligeiro, Carolina; Carvalho, Carina; Souza, Clarice; Grilo, Miguel L.; Fantatto, Rafaela; Trindade, Alexandre; Murta, Daniel; Assunção, RicardoBy 2050, the global population is expected to reach 9.8 billion, increasing pressure on agri-food systems and worsening food waste. In the European Union (EU), around 59 million tonnes of food are wasted annually, enough to feed 1.26 hungry billion people per year. This waste has major public health impacts. Tackling it through safe, sustainable strategies is, therefore, essential. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) offer a promising solution by converting food waste into high-value products like protein, fat, and organic fertiliser. However, EU legislation currently prohibits using food waste as insect feed due to possible contamination with prions, and other foodborne hazards such as bacteria and histamine. This study evaluates the food safety potential of BSFL by assessing their ability to reduce pathogenic bacteria and histamine, and to determine whether they bioaccumulate animal DNA (pork, beef, chicken). To test this, 2 tonnes of heterogeneous food waste were transformed into BSFL substrate and used in a bioconversion assay. Larvae in the test group showed improved performance, with higher bioconversion and growth rates and a lower feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. Analyses were conducted on food waste substrate, larvae, BSFL meal, and frass, including controls. Bacterial enumeration followed ISO protocols; histamine was quantified using an ELISA kit; DNA was extracted and then analysed via PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis.BSFL significantly reduced Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. in the test group (p = 0.002), and Bacillus cereus and Vibrio spp. in the control (p = 0.015). Histamine levels decreased significantly (p = 0.029). No animal DNA was detected in larvae (p = 0.029), though traces persisted in frass, indicating excretion rather than bioaccumulation. These findings support the safe use of BSFL in food waste valorisation and their integration into circular, One Health food systems focused on safety and sustainability.
- Functional foods enriched with melon by products: A sustainable strategy to improve amino acid profilePublication . Silva, M.A.; Costa, H.S.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P.; Félix, N.; Albuquerque, T.G.The global population is projected to grow rapidly, posing a significant challenge in ensuring access to safe, nutritious, and healthy food for everyone. Often discarded, fruit by-products are a valuable source of fiber, protein, and bioactive compounds. Incorporating these by-products into new or enhanced food products could play a crucial role in addressing hunger and malnutrition, which remain major public health challenges. This approach also promotes the sustainable and efficient use of natural resources. This study aimed to develop four innovative types of bread enriched with melon by-products: bread with blanched melon peel flour (BBMPF), bread with blanched melon seed flour (BBMSF), bread with roasted melon peel flour (BRMPF) and bread with roasted melon seed flour (BRMSF). Additionally, a control bread was developed. The protein content and amino acid profile of these breads were evaluated. In 2022, by-products from melon production and distribution companies were recovered. The melon peels were dehydrated, and the seeds were oven-dried. Both by-products were ground to produce melon peel flour and melon seed flour. These flours were then subjected to either blanching or roasting, and used to develop the innovative types of bread. The total protein content was evaluated by Kjeldhal method, and the amino acid profile was determined using UHPLC with diode array detection. Protein content ranged from 6.3 g/100 g (BBMPF) to 8.8 g/100 g (BRMSF). The most abundant essential amino acids found in the breads were leucine, phenylalanine and valine. Breads with melon seed flours have a higher increase in amino acid content than those with melon peel flours. BRMPF (1959 mg/100 g), BBMSF (2219 mg/100 g) and BRMSF (2341 mg/100 g) had higher essential amino acid levels than the control bread (1849 mg/100 g). These results suggest that using melon flour, especially seeds flour, may be an effective strategy to improve the amino acid profile in functional foods. Furthermore, these findings not only contribute to improving public health, but also promote the valorisation of melon by-products, reducing the economic, social, and environmental impacts of these currently discarded by-products, meeting the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.
- Nutritional valorization of fermented melon by-products: novel sustainable ingredients?Publication . Domingues, Mariana S.; Silva, M.A.; Pestana, José M.; Costa, Helena Soares; Albuquerque, T.G.Although often disregarded as by-products of melon processing, both the peel and seeds contain valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds, making them promising candidates for fermentation studies. To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of lactic and alcoholic fermentation applied to melon peel, seeds, and by-products, with the goal of evaluating their potential for developing valueadded products and promoting sustainability in melon processing. During 2023, melon by-products, seeds and peels were collected in a hotel in the Lisbon region. After adding 2% salt (lactic fermentation) or 2% sucrose (alcoholic fermentation) of the total weight of melon by-products/seeds or peels, bags were sealed under vacuum and maintained for 7 days at 27 °C ± 1 °C. Samples were homogenized in a blender, 3dehydrated (55 °C; 12h), homogenized and sieved to obtain flour. The energy and carbohydrates content were calculated after the determination of the nutritional composition (moisture, ash, total protein and fat, dietary fibre and s alt) of the fermented products. Six products were obtained: lactic/alcoholic fermented melon by-products flour, lactic/alcoholic fermented melon peel flour, and lactic/alcoholic fermented melon seed flour. According to Regulation (EU) No. 1924/2006, all products (100%) are rich in dietary fiber (>6 g/100 g), and 83% are high in protein (>20% of energy value). Additionally, lactic/alcoholic fermented melon peel flour has a low-fat content. This study emphasizes that cost-effective processes, such as fermentation, can simultaneously reduce waste and generate value-added products, promoting sustainability in melon processing and the development of innovative functional food ingredients.
- Towards safer edible insects: assessing contaminant bioaccumulation and depuration capacity in Tenebrio molitorPublication . Cardoso, Diogo N.; Alvito, Paula; de Boevre, Marthe; Silva, Ana Rita; Pinto, José; Rodrigues, Ana; Prodana, Marija; Silva, Patricia; Mostafaie, Amid; Loureiro, SusanaThe integration of insects into sustainable food and feed chains demands a robust evaluation of their capacity to accumulate and eliminate contaminants. Understanding these dynamics is fundamental to ensuring consumer safety and supporting the development of regulatory standards for insect-derived products. This study assessed the bioaccumulation and depuration kinetics of metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Pb) and mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone) in the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor, a species already authorized for human consumption in the EU. Larvae were reared on feed substrates artificially spiked at the maximum levels allowed for animal feed under EU legislation. The experimental design included 21 days of exposure followed by a 21-day elimination phase on uncontaminated substrate, to evaluate both uptake and depuration efficiency under realistic production conditions. Distinct toxicokinetic patterns were observed among metals. Arsenic displayed the highest accumulation potential, reaching internal concentrations of approximately 7 mg/kg dry weight (DW) at the end of exposure, with a progressive but incomplete decline during depuration. Cadmium accumulated steadily to ~2.5 mg/kg DW, exceeding the current feed limit, but was rapidly eliminated below regulatory thresholds within one day of clean feeding. Lead, in contrast, showed low assimilation and rapid clearance, remaining consistently below EU maximum levels. Mycotoxins and their metabolites were not detected above quantification limits in any treatment, confirming the species’ limited bioaccumulation potential for these compounds. Overall, the results highlight Tenebrio molitor’s high depuration capacity and resilience to transient contaminant exposure. These findings highlight the need to apply toxicokinetic principles in insect risk assessment to define effective depuration periods and ensure safe, circular production systems.