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- Molecular epidemiology of aspergillosis in Magellanic penguins and susceptibility patterns of clinical isolatesPublication . Melo, Aryse Martins; Poester, Vanice Rodrigues; Canabarro, Paula Lima; Sampaio, Daniel Ataíde; Stevens, David A; Veríssimo, Cristina; Sabino, Raquel; Xavier, Melissa OrzechowskiAspergillus section Fumigati is reported in up to 99% of aspergillosis cases in penguins. So far, no data regarding molecular epidemiology and azole resistance are available for A. fumigatus isolates collected from Magellanic penguins. The aim of this work was to perform molecular identification of Aspergillus section Fumigati at species level, to genotype those isolates using microsatellite markers, to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility patterns of A. fumigatus sensu stricto, and to characterize the cyp51A gene in clinical A. fumigatus strains isolated from Magellanic penguins with proven aspergillosis. All 34 isolates included in the study were identified as A. fumigatus sensu stricto. Analyzing the genetic diversity of the isolates of A. fumigatus sensu stricto, we identified two possible outbreaks in the rehabilitation center and we also observed the maintenance of clonal strains through the years. One A. fumigatus sensu stricto isolate was resistant to posaconazole, but the mutations found in the cyp51A gene of this isolate have not been described as conferring phenotypic resistance, suggesting that other mechanisms of resistance could be involved in the resistance of this isolate. With this study, we were able to understand the molecular diversity of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates collected from Magellanic penguins, to characterize them and to associate them with the described global population of Aspergillus fumigatus.
- Mitigation of Mycotoxins during Food Processing: Sharing Experience among Europe and South East AsiaPublication . Alvito, Paula; Barcelo, Jonathan; De Meester, Johan; Rito, Elias; Suman, MicheleWorldwide the issue of mycotoxins results in economic losses estimated at billions of dollars and toxicological risk for both humans and animals. Preventive measures also include decontamination and mitigation actions that can be carried out through food processing. Several proposals have been tested and illustrated also in scientific papers during the last decades, however clear, easy to implement, practical suggestions and guidelines for process adaptation are much more needed. Europe and South East Asia can find synergies and complementarities moving from processing to analysis, from risk assessment to reduction strategies, from gap-analysis to communication roadmaps. Stakeholders from both Europe and Southeast Asia must then ensure that there is a way to ease and harmonize the regulation in the food supply chain in order to ensure food safety and at the same time facilitate trade in both regions, taking into account of the various landscapes, agrosystems and also different consumer preferences within the countries themselves. Concerning the example of cereals, processing steps cover primary processing (cleaning and milling operations) and secondary processing procedures (such as fermentation and thermal treatments during baking), special attention is devoted to the production of baked goods and to the estimation of processing factors for DON in wheat bread production especially in Europe. With reference instead to the specific context of Asian producers, a case-study focuses on ochratoxin A in coffee in Southeast Asia region, combining the expertise of the farming community, coffee industry and science researchers. The strategy to reduce mycotoxins in a farm setting poses several challenges to coffee farmers: it needs to be analyzed in the context of good agricultural practices, socioeconomic and behavioral factors of both coffee producers and consumers. As the world becomes more globalized, food and feed supply chains also become more complexed and hence, a more comprehensive strategy to ensure food contaminants mitigation is needed.