Browsing by Author "Vellinga, Reina E."
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- Nutritional composition of ultra-processed plant-based foods in the out-of-home environment: a multi-country survey with plant-based burgersPublication . Vellinga, Reina E.; Rippin, H.L.; Gonzales, G.B.; Temme, E.H.M.; Farrand, C.; Halloran, A.; Clough, B.; Wickramasinghe, K.; Santos, M.; Fontes, T.; Pires, M.J.; Nascimento, A.C.; Santiago, S.; Burt, H.E.; Brown, M.K.; Jenner, H.K.; Alessandrini, R.; Marczak, A.M.; Flore, R.; Sun, Y.; Motta, C.Ultra-processed plant-based foods, such as plant-based burgers have gained in popularity. Particularly in the out-of-home (OOH) environment, evidence regarding their nutritional profile and environmental sustainability is still evolving. Plant-based burgers available at selected OOH sites were randomly sampled in cities of four WHO European Member States; Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Lisbon, and London. Plant-based burgers (patty, bread and condiment) (n=41) were lab-analysed for their energy, macronutrients, amino acids, and minerals content per 100g and serving, and were compared with reference values. For the plant-based burgers, the median values per 100g were: 234 kcal, 20.8g carbohydrates, 3.5g dietary fibre, and 12.0g fat, including 0.08g TFA and 2.2g SFA. Protein content was 8.9g/100g, with low protein quality according to amino acid composition. Median sodium content was 389mg/100g, equivalent to 1g salt. Compared with references, the median serving of plant-based burgers provided 31% of energy intake based on a 2,000 kcal per day, and contributed to carbohydrates(17-28%), dietary fibre(42%), protein(40%), total fat(48%), SFA(26%), and sodium(54%). One serving provided 15-23% of the reference values for calcium, potassium, and magnesium, while higher contributions were found for zinc(30%), manganese(38%), phosphorus(51%), and iron(67%). The ultra-processed plant-based burgers, provide protein, dietary fibre and essential minerals, but also contain relatively high levels of energy, sodium, and total fats. The amino acid composition of the plant-based burgers indicated low protein quality. The multifaceted nutritional profile of plant-based burgers highlights the need for manufacturers to implement improvements to better support healthy dietary habits. These improvements should include reducing energy, sodium and total fats.
- Nutritional Composition of Ultra-Processed Plant-Based Foods in the Out-of-Home Setting: A Case-Study with Vegan BurgersPublication . Vellinga, Reina E.; Temme, Elisabeth H.M.; Rippin, Holly; Motta, Carla; Gonzales, Gerard Bryan; Farrand, Clare; Wickramasinghe, KremlinUltra-processed plant-based foods, such as plant-based burgers, have gained popularity and are perceived by consumers as a healthier and more environmentally sustainable alternative to animal-based foods. However, evidence regarding their nutritional profile and environmental sustainability is still evolving. To contribute to the understanding of the nutrient profile of ultra-processed plant-based foods in the out-of-home environment. Cities in four WHO European Member States were selected for study in a convenience sample across the regions of Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Lisbon, and London. Plant-based burgers available at selected out-of-home sites were randomly sampled. In total 41 plant-based burgers were lab-analyzed for their energy, macronutrients, amino-acids and minerals content per 100 g and per serving size. Descriptive data were used to summarize the nutritional composition per 100 g and serving size. The content per serving was compared to the appropriate reference values. The median energy content was 234 kcal/100 g (IQR = 50). Median macronutrient composition was 20.8 g/100 g (IQR = 5.7) carbohydrates and 3.5 g/100 g (IQR = 1.8) dietary fibre. Protein content was 8.9 g/100 g (IQR = 3.7) with low protein quality. The median total fat content was 12.0 g/100 g (IQR = 4.2), including 0.08 g (IQR = 0.05) TFA and 2.2 g (IQR = 2.3) SFA. The median sodium content was 389 mg/100 g (IQR = 113), equivalent to 2.7 g salt. When compared with reference values, the median serving of plant-based burgers (280 g) provided 31% of energy intake and contributed 17–28% of carbohydrates, 42% of dietary fibre, 40% of protein, and 48% of total fat including 26% of SFA. The burgers had low-quality protein. One serving provided 15–20% of the reference values for calcium, potassium, and magnesium, while higher contributions were found for zinc (30%), manganese (38%), phosphorus (51%), and iron (67%). Ultra-processed plant-based foods, such as plant-based burgers, provide protein, dietary fibre, and essential minerals. They also contain high levels of energy, sodium, and fatty acids. Despite their potential as a source of protein, the quality of protein in plant-based burgers is low. The multifaceted nutritional profile of plant-based burgers highlights the need for manufacturers to implement improvements to better support healthy dietary habits. These improvements should include reducing salt and fatty acids while also enhancing protein quality.