Percorrer por autor "Costa, Gilberto"
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- Innovative algae-based meatballs: nutritional profiling and food safety as pillars of sustainable product developmentPublication . Rodrigues, Ana Sofia; Morgado, Cátia; Silva, Mafalda A.; Costa, Gilberto; Brandão, Carlos; Costa, Helena Soares; Albuquerque, Tânia G.Seaweed have gained increasing attention in the context of sustainable and health-promoting food innovation, particularly due to their rich micronutrient profile, including iodine, a nutrient of public health concern in many populations. This study aimed to develop and characterize innovative meatballs enriched with two edible seaweeds (Undaria pinnatifida and Himanthalia elongata), improving their nutritional profile while responding to consumer demand for functional and environmentally responsible food options. The formulations were designed to be commercialized raw and ready-to-cook. Therefore, a nutritional characterization of the raw products was conducted, while microbiological safety and sensory acceptability were assessed after preparation using two common culinary methods, roasting and sautéing, as proposed usage suggestions. Proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, ash, and dietary fibre) and other components (fatty acids and salt) were determined through standard chemical analysis, while iodine content was estimated based on ingredient composition. The energy value and available carbohydrates were calculated. Both seaweed-based formulations presented low energy (111 kcal/100 g), low fat (≈2.6 g/100 g), and high protein content (≈19 g/100 g), with unsaturated fatty acids predominating. Dietary fibre values ranged from 1.65 g to 1.92 g/100 g, and salt levels remained under 0.3 g/100 g. Notably, the wakame-based version provided substantially higher iodine levels (103.3 μg/100 g) compared to the sea spaghetti version (25.1 μg/100 g), enhancing its nutritional relevance. Microbiological analysis of the cooked samples showed compliance with food safety standards, with pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens all below detection limits (<10 CFU/g). Total aerobic mesophilic counts ranged from 7.0×10 to 8.9×10⁴ CFU/g; one sample with sautéed Himanthalia elongata showed elevated counts, highlighting the importance of handling and storage practices. Yeasts and molds were within acceptable thresholds across all samples. In sensory trials, the sautéed sea spaghetti and roasted wakame variants were the most appreciated by consumers, while the sautéed wakame and roasted sea spaghetti were less well received. These results underline the importance of preparation methods in shaping sensory perception and consumer acceptance. This study demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating edible seaweed into meatballs, offering nutritionally rich, safe, and sensory-pleasing products. The use of seaweed, particularly wakame, presents a promising opportunity for iodine fortification, aligning food innovation with both public health goals and sustainability priorities.
- Microbiological evaluation of seaweed-enriched meatballs as a strategy to enhance iodine intakePublication . Rodrigues, Ana Gomes; Morgado, Cátia; Silva, Mafalda A.; Costa, Gilberto; Brandão, Carlos; Costa, Helena Soares; Albuquerque, Tânia G.Introduction: Iodine deficiency continues to affect populations globally, and seaweeds have emerged as natural, sustainable sources of this essential micronutrient. Their incorporation into conventional food products, such as meatballs, represents a promising strategy to develop functional foods with enhanced nutritional profiles. Objectives: To develop a functional food product, meatballs were enriched with edible seaweeds (Undaria pinnatifida and Himanthalia elongata), aimed at improving iodine intake and to assess their microbiological quality according to current food safety standards. Methodology: Six meatball samples were prepared: two control samples without seaweed (sautéed and oven-baked) and four seaweed-enriched samples using both preparation methods. Microbiological analysis was conducted following the guidelines from the Portuguese National Institute of Health (INSA, 2019) and Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005. The parameters evaluated included Listeria spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, moulds, yeasts, Enterobacteriaceae, total viable counts, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. Results: Most samples were microbiologically satisfactory. However, all tested samples showed unsatisfactory results for Listeria monocytogenes, which may indicate environmental or crosscontamination, inadequate surface sanitation, or handling deficiencies. Additionally, the sautéed Himanthalia elongata sample presented an unsatisfactory total viable count (8.9×10⁴ cfu/g), potentially due to poor raw material quality, thermal processing failure, or cold chain disruption. Conclusions: Although seaweed incorporation can enhance the nutritional profile of meat-based products, these findings highlight the need for strict hygienic measures during formulation and processing. Corrective actions are essential to mitigate microbial risks and ensure product safety without compromising functional benefits.