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- 4-Hydroxy-2-Alkenals: a Potential Toxicological Concern of Vegetable Oils?Publication . Albuquerque, T.G.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P.; Costa, H.S.4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, namely 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) are secondary lipid oxidation products of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. An overview of the current knowledge about HNE and HHE in vegetable oils, including factors influencing their formation, health effects, analytical approaches, as well as mitigation strategies and future challenges are discussed. During the last years, an increased attention is being paid to these mutagenic, cytotoxic and genotoxic compounds. Due to their high reactivity and implication in numerous undesirable reactions, they can be linked with several diseases and medical conditions. Vegetable oils were identified as one of the major sources of these compounds, becoming a potential toxicological concern for public health. Up to now, the fatty acids composition, time, temperature and type of frying, as well as different processing conditions were evaluated in order to find a relationship with the presence of these hazardous compounds in vegetable oils. With respect to mitigation strategies to reduce the occurrence of HNE and HHE in vegetable oils, atmospheres with low oxygen content during frying, carbon dioxide blanketing as well as addition of phenolic compounds to the vegetable oils were studied. In the near future, it is important to exploit other conditions to explain the different amounts reported for the same type of vegetable oil from different origins, as well as to evaluate realistic conditions of frying, especially the presence of food, frying equipment and temperatures, among others.
- Analysis, Identification, and Quantification of Anthocyanins in Fruit JuicesPublication . Albuquerque, T.G.; Silva, M.A.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P.; Costa, H.S.Anthocyanins are naturally present in a wide range of plant foods, and are usually associated with the orange, pink, red, violet, and blue colors of fruits, such as berries, plums, cherries, pomegranates, citrus fruits, among others. Juices produced from fruits, especially berries, such as black currants, elderberries, chokeberries, or sour cherries, are a source of vitamins and other compounds, such as anthocyanins. High- or ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography techniques coupled with diode array detection or mass spectrometry detection, are by far the most widely used techniques for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of anthocyanins in fruit juices. Anthocyanin content in fruit juices can be used as quality control parameters to check authenticity. Significant differences can be found for anthocyanin content in the same type of juice, but the profile of anthocyanins should be similar.
- Biologically active and health promoting food components of nuts, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, cereals, and legumesPublication . Albuquerque, T.G.; Nunes, M.A.; Bessada, S.M.F.; Costa, H.S.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P.The primary role of diet is to provide, in quality and quantity, enough nutrients to meet basic metabolic requirements of consumers. Cereals, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts, vegetable oils, and related products are daily consumed by worldwide population as fundamental source of food energy, but also due to its richness in biologically active compounds with potential health promoting properties. There are thousands of bioactive compounds already identified and studied for their health promoting properties, however there still a lot of research to be done. This chapter describes the main food sources, as well as, health promoting properties, of some food components (phytosterols, fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, dietary fiber, isoflavones, and lignans). In fact, these compounds were selected due to its abundance in some of the major consumed food groups. Nuts, oilseeds, and derived products are well known for their richness in phytosterols and unsaturated fatty acids. In the last years, great attention has been given to this group of compounds because they are linked with several health benefits, namely antiinflammatory, antioxidative, anticarcinogenic activities, and cholesterol lowering capacity. On the other hand, fresh fruit and vegetables are the major sources of polyphenols, carotenoids, and glucosinolates. Nutritional guidelines promote the consumption of three to five daily servings of fruits and vegetables for protection against chronic diseases, such as cardio and neurovascular diseases. These foods, besides providing basic nutrition confers other significant health effects mainly due to its content in vitamins (especially vitamins C and A) minerals, polyphenols, and soluble and insoluble fiber. Lastly, cereals and/or legumes are the major sources of dietary fiber, lignans, and isoflavones. Besides their nutritional role, several scientific and epidemiological studies have shown that regular consumption of cereals and/or legumes and their related products are associated with reduced risk of various types of chronic diseases as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, and some types of cancers as colorectal, prostate, breast, and estrogen-related cancers. These evidences can mean that regular consumption of cereals and legumes promote human health and consequent prevention of diseases.
- Chapter 44 - Prickly pearPublication . Albuquerque, T.G.; Pereira, P.; Silva, M.A.; Vicente, F.; Ramalho, R.; Costa, H.S.Nowadays, consumers are increasingly interested in foods that are linked with health benefits, in addition to their nutritional composition. Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) is native to Mexico, but nowadays it is widely spread among other regions of the world, such as Africa, Australia, and the Mediterranean basin, due to its pleasant organoleptic features. Prickly pear belongs to the Cactaceae family, which includes over 1500 species of cacti. Moreover, it is gaining popularity among consumers due to the presence of bioactive compounds, namely polyphenols, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols that are associated with relevant functional and biological activities, such as antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic properties, among others. In addition, this plant can also be used as a fence in gardens and fields and is useful in helping to combat desertification as it grows in arid and semiarid regions. Nowadays, it is widely used to manufacture food products, such as juices and jams, but it is also consumed as a fruit. Prickly pear is a promising source of phytochemicals, which can be useful for food, or in the cosmetics or pharmaceutical industries to develop new products with health-promoting properties, namely, functional foods, natural additives, or dietary supplements.
- ICT-Supported Interventions Targeting Pre-frailty: Healthcare Recommendations from the Personalised ICT Supported Service for Independent Living and Active Ageing (PERSSILAA) StudyPublication . O’Caoimh, R.; Molloy, D.W.; Fitzgerald, C.; Velsen, L.V.; Cabrita, M.; Nassabi, M.H.; Vette, F.; van Weering, M.D.; Jansen-Kosterink, S.; Kenter, W.; Frazer, S.; Rauter, A.P.; Turkman, A.; Antunes, M.; Turkman, F.; Silva, M.S.; Martins, A.; Costa, H.S.; Albuquerque, T.G.; Ferreira, A.; Scherillo, M.; De Luca, V.; Abete, P.; Colao, A.; García-Rudolph, A.; Sanchez-Carrion, R.; Sánchez, J.S.; Aguilera, E.J.G.; Illario, M.; Hermens, H.; Vollenbroek-Hutten, M.As society ages, healthcare systems are preparing for an increasing prevalence of frail, co-morbid and older community-dwellers at risk of adverse outcomes including falls, malnutrition, hospitalisation, institutionalisation and death. Early intervention is desirable and pre-frailty, before onset of functional decline, may represent a suitable transition stage to target, albeit evidence for reversibility and appropriate interventions are limited. No consensus on the definition, diagnosis or management of pre-frailty exists. This work describes 25 healthcare related findings from the recently completed PERsonalised ICT Supported Service for Independent Living and Active Ageing (PERSSILAA) project, funded under the 2013–2016 European Union Framework Programme 7 (grant #610359). PERSSILAA developed a comprehensive Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)-supported platform to screen, assess, intervene and then monitor community-dwellers in two regions (Enschede in the Netherlands and Campania in Italy) in order to address pre-frailty and promote active and healthy ageing, targeting three important pre-frailty subdomains: nutrition, cognition and physical function. Proposed definitions of pre-frailty, ICT-based approaches to screen and monitor for the onset of frailty and targeted management strategies employing technology across these domains are described. The potential of these 25 healthcare recommendations in the development of future European guidelines on the screening and prevention of frailty is explored.