González-Díaz, AidaTubau, FePinto, MiguelSierra, YanikCubero, MeritxellCàmara, JordiAyats, JosefinaBajanca-Lavado, PaulaArdanuy, CarmenMarti, Sara2020-04-252020-04-252019-03-14Sci Rep . 2019 Mar 14;9(1):4481. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40812-22045-2322http://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/6519Free PMC article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/30872664/The human commensal Haemophilus parainfluenzae is emerging as an opportunistic multidrug-resistant pathogen. The objectives of this work were to characterise a new capsular operon of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) H. parainfluenzae clinical isolates and study their resistance mechanisms using whole-genome sequencing. All strains were resistant to: ß-lactams, via amino acid changes in PBP3 (S385T, I442F, V511A, N526K and V562I); quinolones, by alterations in GyrA (S84F and D88Y) and ParC (S84F and S138T); chloramphenicol, through the presence of catS; macrolides, via the presence of mel and mef(E)-carrying MEGA element; and tetracycline, through the presence of tet(M) and/or tet(B). Phylogenetic analysis revealed high genomic diversity when compared to the H. parainfluenzae genomes available on the NCBI, the isolates from this study being closely related to the Swiss XDR AE-2096513. A full capsular operon showing homology to that of H. influenzae was identified, in accordance with the observation of a capsular structure by TEM. This study describes for the first time a capsular operon in H. parainfluenzae, a major determinant of pathogenicity that may contribute to increased virulence in XDR clinical isolates. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis suggests the possible spread of an XDR-encapsulated strain in Europe.engHaemophilus parainfluenzaeExtensively Drug-resistatGenitourinary TractCapsuleInfecções Respiratóriasjournal article10.1038/s41598-019-40812-2