Coelho, P.Teixeira, João Paulo2015-02-042015-02-042014In: Wexler P. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Toxicology. 3rd edition. vol 1. Elsevier Inc., Academic Press, pp. 479-82. ISBN: 97801238645439780123864543http://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/2771Human health is constantly affected by a multitude of agents present in the surrounding environment. Biomarkers are key factors, both in clinical health risk assessment and in environmental risk assessment. Traditionally, they are classified in three different classes: exposure, effect, and susceptibility. Their main usefulness relies on their ability to link hazard exposure to the pathogenesis of human disease. The development and validation of biomarkers as early predictors of clinical disease is a top priority, improving health risk assessment and contributing to new disease prevention policies in environmental and occupational settings.engBiomarkersHuman HealthRisk AssessmentEnvironmental ExposureBiological MonitoringEnvironmental MonitoringGenetic susceptibilityInternal DoseMolecular EpidemiologyMutation AssaysOccupational ExposureRisk AssessmentGenotoxidade Ambientalbook part10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00365-1