Carneiro, JoanaLeite, AndreiaLahuerta, MariaCatusse, JulieAli, MohammadTeixeira, RitaLopes, Sílvia2026-01-132026-01-132025-11-09BMJ Open. 2025 Nov 9;15(11):e101068. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101068http://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/10683Objectives: We aimed to assess the risk of cardiovascular hospitalisations (stroke or myocardial infarction (MI)) following a community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) hospitalisation in a large Portuguese administrative dataset. Design: Self-controlled case series study. Setting: We used hospitalisation data from National Health Service hospitals across Portugal between 2010 and 2018. Participants: Adults hospitalised for both CAP and stroke/MI in Portugal during the 2010-2018 period (n=13 494, of which 10 400 with stroke and 3094 with MI). Primary and secondary outcome measures: We considered CAP hospitalisation as the exposure (14-, 28- and 91-day exposure periods) and acute cardiovascular (stroke or MI) hospitalisations as the outcome. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were computed using a conditional Poisson regression (overall and by sex and age subgroups). Results: Patients were mostly male and above 75 years. Stroke/MI hospitalisation incidence was higher following CAP, compared with the baseline period. Largest differences were observed in the 14-day period after discharge (IRR for stroke: 2.55, 95% CI: 2.33-2.80; IRR for MI: 3.23, 2.78-3.75), compared with the 28-day (IRR for stroke: 2.06, 1.92-2.22; IRR for MI: 2.62, 2.32-2.95) and 91-day periods (IRR for stroke: 1.37, 1.30-1.44; IRR for MI: 1.75, 1.60-1.91). A similar trend was observed for sex and age subgroups. Conclusions: Our study shows an increased risk of stroke/MI for CAP patients, particularly during the first 2 weeks after being discharged. Effective postdischarge monitoring and follow-up, combined with efforts to prevent CAP occurrence, could improve patient outcomes.Strengths and limitations of this study: - Our study used the self-controlled case series method, where each participant serves as their own control, consequently adjusting for fixed individual covariates; - We studied a large sample using hospitalisation data from a national-level database over an 8-year period; - Some cardiovascular events may not have been captured by our study (eg, only the first episode after the CAP hospitalisation was included).engPneumoniaSelf-Controlled Case SeriesRisk FactorsRespiratory InfectionsCuidados de saúdeEstados de Saúde e de DoençaInfecções RespiratóriasPortugaljournal article10.1136/ bmjopen-2025-1010682044-605541213677