Jones-Dias, DanielaClemente, LurdesEgas, ConceiçãoFroufe, HugoSampaio, Daniel AVieira, LuísFookes, MariaThomson, Nicholas RManageiro, VeraCaniça, Manuela2017-02-172017-02-172016-08-03Front Microbiol. 2016 Aug 3;7:1130. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01130. eCollection 20161664-302Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/4246BACKGROUND: Salmonella enterica is one of the most important causes of gastrointestinal infection in humans, being the great majority of infections related to the consumption of poultry meat and eggs (Foley and Lynne, 2008; EFSA/ECDC, 2015). In animals, infections caused by serotype Enteritidis are rarely responsible for severe disease with animals frequently becoming asymptomatic carriers, except in the case of young chicks and poults, where outbreaks exhibiting clinical disease are often accompanied by high mortality rates (Foley et al., 2008, 2013). Indeed, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) has been responsible for severe disease in industrial poultry farming facilities worldwide, posing a potential hazard for public health (Lutful Kabir, 2010). In order to be infectious, Salmonella needs to adapt to different niches and conditions, where virulence and heavy-metal-tolerance factors play an important role, through co-selection events and the formation of pathogenicity islands, respectively (Hensel, 2004; Medardus et al., 2014). Furthermore, antibiotic resistance determinants can also facilitate their survival, with ubiquitous chromosomally encoded efflux mechanisms, playing an important role in both intrinsic, and acquired multidrug resistance. Other resistance mechanisms, such as changes in the membrane permeability, enzymatic modification, and target alterations may increase the levels of bacterial resistance, contributing to the success of the infection (Poole, 2004; Delmar et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015). Both antibiotic susceptibility determination and serotyping constitute very useful tools for the epidemiologic classification of S. enterica isolates. Indeed, in S. enterica, the resistance rates fluctuate according to the serotype and with the antibiotic (Clemente et al., 2015). Classically, serotyping is based on the antigenic reactivity of lipolysaccharide (O antigen) and flagellar proteins (H antigen), followed by a designation using names or formulas (Grimont and Weill, 2007). In this study, we aimed to analyze the genome of a S. Enteritidis isolate responsible for omphalitis in chicks, exploring the molecular features associated with antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity, as well as the ability to spread the respective determinants.engSalmonella EnteritidisOmphalitiswzy DeletionPathogenicity FactorsMGEMetal ToleranceEpidemiologyResistência aos Antimicrobianosjournal article10.3389/fmicb.2016.01130